The What
API Gateways to extract bunch of code that would otherwise be inside your servers and extract it out to a different server.
The Why / Advantages
Authorization: User authentication can be done before sending the request to your microservices.
Transformation & Validation : Client would have the liberty to send data in a clean uniform format, API gateway would transform the data and validation then pass it to the microservice in a customized format.
Client can avoid DNS lookup: responsibility of routing to server and load balancing can be situated in API Gateway.
Rate limiting: API gateway can supervise the requests from the clients and prevent DDOS attacks.
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