This study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic may have shaped mental health through a range of potential social and environmental dimensions. Interventions are required that consider multiple dimensions of COVID-19 to improve mental health during and after the pandemic.
This study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic may have shaped mental health through a range of potential social and environmental dimensions. Interventions are required that consider multiple dimensions of COVID-19 to improve mental health during and after the pandemic.
Performance validity and test-retest reliability of ReVeRe.D, an iPad-administered cognitive test battery in major depressive disorder (MDD) were analyzed.
Participants aged 18-59 years had DSM-5 diagnosis of MDD with adequate visual and hearing acuity. All had responded to oral antidepressant treatment for a major depressive episode within the most recent 24-months and were stable with no greater than mild depressive symptoms as evidenced by Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale total score <17. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 test sequences (AABB or BBAA; A=ReVeRe.D; B=examiner-administered tests) in a crossover design.
244 randomized participants (AABB n=123; BBAA n=121) had mean age of 38.3 years; 54.9% had a college, baccalaureate, or higher education. At first administration, Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) for 6/10 pairs of corresponding ReVeRe.D vs examiner-administered tests exceeded the pre-specified acceptance criterion (PCC=0.53) for the primary analysis; 8 test score pairs had PCC exceeding 0.40. At second administration, PCC for 9/10 test scores pairs exceeded PCC=0.53. Together, the series of PCCs supports the concurrent validity for ReVeRe.D. Test-retest reliability for ReVeRe.D test scores was generally moderate to high.
The study included stable participants with MDD who had responded to oral antidepressant treatment, with most in at least partial remission. The sample was limited to English-speaking participants, and skewed towards white, college-educated women. Further studies in acutely ill MDD patients who represent a broader demographic, are warranted.
iPad-administered ReVeRe.D is a valid and reliable computerized test battery for assessment of cognitive performance in MDD.
iPad-administered ReVeRe.D is a valid and reliable computerized test battery for assessment of cognitive performance in MDD.
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that childhood adversity was a predictor of pain and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis genetic variation is associated with pain risk. This study aims to explore possible effects of prolonged childhood separation from parents and HPA polygenic risk score (PRS) on pain among adolescents in rural China.
We used data from 219 adolescents in rural area of Fuyang city, Anhui province, China. Parent-child separation was collected through interview and pain intensity was reported using the 11-point Numerical Rating Scale. SNP genotyping was performed using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. The PRS was computed based on 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2 genes (FKBP5 and NR3C1) related to HPA-axis stress reactivity.
Pain among adolescents separated from both parents scored higher compared to those without parent-child separation, however, this association was only observed in adolescents with moderate to high tertiles of PRS groups (parent-child separation in moderate group vs. 7ACC2 no parent-child separation in moderate group 3.07 vs. 1.57, P<0.001; parent-child separation in highest group vs. no parent-child separation in highest group 3.02 vs. 1.26, P<0.001; parent-child separation in lowest group vs. no parent-child separation in lowest group 2.34 vs. 1.25, P=0.225). After controlled for demographic characteristics, psychopathological symptoms, adverse childhood experiences, parental warmth, prolonged childhood parent-child separation increased pain scores by 1.52 points (95% CI0.72, 2.33) and 1.72 points (95% CI1.13, 2.31) in moderate and high PRS groups, respectively.
Our findings suggest that adolescents separated from both parents while carrying more risk alleles related to HPA-axis stress reactivity are at heightened risk of pain.
Our findings suggest that adolescents separated from both parents while carrying more risk alleles related to HPA-axis stress reactivity are at heightened risk of pain.
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has brought huge changes to people's lifestyles, college students have also been affected seriously. Evidence about these significant changes indicated that college students were more prone to feel anxious and depressed. To derive a precise assessment of the prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom among college students worldwide, we conducted this meta-analysis.
Based on the guidance of PRISMA, literature was searched in Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycArticles (last search November 6, 2020). These articles after the screening were analyzed by a random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom. Also, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were performed in this meta-analysis.
The results showed that the pooled anxiety symptom prevalence was 31% (95% CI 23-39%), pooled depressive symptom prevalence was 34% (95% CI 27-41%). Subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom among different countries' college students were different, and the pooled depressive symptom prevalence of females was higher compared with males.
The prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom in worldwide college students could be better assessed by a standard and reliable questionnaire.
The results suggest that the prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom during the COVID-19 pandemic is relatively high. Except for interventions that should be taken to control the pandemic urgently, mental health services are also needed to decrease the risk of anxiety and depression among college students.
The results suggest that the prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom during the COVID-19 pandemic is relatively high. Except for interventions that should be taken to control the pandemic urgently, mental health services are also needed to decrease the risk of anxiety and depression among college students.7ACC2
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