Specific substance blends made by different reproductive castes in the undercover termite Reticulitermes flavipes.

BACKGROUND Correcting posterior crossbite in adult patients using nonsurgical methods may involve buccolingual tooth movement. Knowing the extent of the pretreatment alveolar bony dehiscences and fenestrations in the posterior area will aid orthodontists in planning posterior crossbite patients accordingly to minimize posttreatment bony defects. Before the advent of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), observing buccal and lingual bony defects was not possible unless other treatment needs allowed for an open-flap procedure. With CBCT technology, we can now detect posterior defects with some accuracy. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of posterior alveolar bony dehiscence and fenestration in adults with posterior crossbite compared with noncrossbite adults. METHODS The study group consisted of pretreatment CBCTs of 28 samples with at least one or more teeth in posterior crossbite or edgebite. The comparison group consisted of pretreatment CBCTs of 28 samples with no posterior crossb higher prevalence of fenestration than mandibular posterior teeth. Among the maxillary posterior teeth, second premolars had the least amount of fenestration. CONCLUSIONS Adult subjects with posterior crossbite had a higher prevalence of total bony defects and dehiscence, especially buccal dehiscence, in the posterior region than subjects with no posterior crossbite. This was due to the high prevalence observed in the noncrossbite teeth in posterior crossbite subjects.Microalgae crops targeting biotechnological applications are conducted in photobioreactors, which allow the adjustment and control of parameters of luminosity, agitation and mixing in the cultivation medium to promote better cell growth and accumulation of metabolites. In this sense, the present work used the Taguchi method to find the best adjustment of the operational parameters of an unconventional photobioreactor denominated internally illuminated integrated photobioreactor (ILI-PBR) with LED light aiming at elevating the biomass concentration, volumetric biomass productivity, and volumetric lipid productivity of Chlorella minutissima microalgae cultivated under autotrophic regime. The effects of the factors were evaluated illumination (blue, white and red); photoperiod (12 h light12 h dark, 1 h light1 h dark, and 24 h clear0 h dark); aeration (0, 3 vvm, 0.4 vvm, and 0.5 vvm); and recirculation flow rate of cultivation medium (5 L min-1, 6.5 L min-1, and 9 L min-1) on the variable responses biomass concentration, biomass volumetric productivity, lipid content, and volumetric lipid productivity. SNDX-5613 order The use of the Taguchi method allowed the increase of biomass concentration, volumetric biomass productivity, and volumetric lipid productivity in the biomass of Chlorella minutissimain 8.6%, 42%, and 143%, respectively, with the adjustment of the operational parameters of the photobioreactor used.AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Drug and surgical-based therapies in type 2 diabetes are associated with altered gut microbiota architecture. Here we investigated the role of the gut microbiome in improved glucose homeostasis following bariatric surgery. METHODS We carried out gut microbiome analyses in gastrectomised (by vertical sleeve gastrectomy [VSG]) rats of the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) non-obese model of spontaneously occurring type 2 diabetes, followed by physiological studies in the GK rat. RESULTS VSG in the GK rat led to permanent improvement of glucose tolerance associated with minor changes in the gut microbiome, mostly characterised by significant enrichment of caecal Prevotella copri. Gut microbiota enrichment with P. copri in GK rats through permissive antibiotic treatment, inoculation of gut microbiota isolated from gastrectomised GK rats, and direct inoculation of P. copri, resulted in significant improvement of glucose tolerance, independent of changes in body weight. Plasma bile acids were increased in GK rats following inoculation with P. copri and P. copri-enriched microbiota from VSG-treated rats; the inoculated GK rats then showed increased liver glycogen and upregulated expression of Fxr (also known as Nr1h4), Srebf1c, Chrebp (also known as Mlxipl) and Il10 and downregulated expression of Cyp7a1. CONCLUSIONS Our data underline the impact of intestinal P. copri on improved glucose homeostasis through enhanced bile acid metabolism and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling, which may represent a promising opportunity for novel type 2 diabetes therapeutics.The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a worldwide insect pest of cruciferous crops. Although insecticides have long been used for its control, diamondback moth rapidly evolves resistance to almost any insecticide. In insects, juvenile hormone (JH) is critically involved in almost all biological processes. The correct activity of JH depends on the precise regulation of its titer, and juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) is the key regulator. Thus, JH and JHE have become important targets for new insecticide development. Trifluoromethyl ketones are specific JHE inhibitors, among which 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP) has the highest activity. The interaction effects between pretreatment with or combination of OTFP and the insecticides diafenthiuron, indoxacarb, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were investigated in diamondback moth larvae to determine OTFP's potential as an insecticide synergist. In third-instar larvae, both pretreatment and combination treatment with OTFP decreased or antagonized the toxicities of diafenthiuron, indoxacarb, and Bt at all set concentrations. In fourth-instar larvae, combination treatment with OTFP decreased or antagonized the toxicities of diafenthiuron and indoxacarb at all set concentrations. However, it increased or synergized the toxicity of Bt at lower concentrations despite the limited effect at higher concentrations. Our results indicated that the effect of OTFP on the toxicities of insecticides varied with the type and concentration, larval stage, and treatment method. These findings contribute to the better use of OTFP in diamondback moth control. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [e-mail]-5613 order