Originally posted on Educative.io
The command line is something every developer should learn and implement into their daily routine. It has become a Swiss Army knife of features behind deceptively simple commands which allow you to gain greater control of your system, become more productive, and much more. For example, you can write scripts to automate daily, time-consuming tasks, and even quickly commit and push code to a Git repository with just a few simple commands.
In this post we’ll look at the Bash Shell (Bourne Again SHell), which is a command-line interface (CLI) and is currently the most widely used shell. This is a light introduction into the most popular commands, when you’re most likely to use them, and how to extend them with options. Later on in this article, you’ll learn how to create your own custom commands (aliases), allowing you to create shortcuts for a single command or a group of commands.
When it comes down to it, if you don’t know the command line, you’re not using your computer to its full potential. Master the Bash Shell today with the help of Ian Miell, author of Learn Bash the Hard Way.
Top 25 Bash Commands
Quick note: Anything encased in [ ] means that it's optional. Some commands can be used without options or specifying files.
1. ls — List directory contents
ls is probably the most common command. A lot of times, you’ll be working in a directory and you’ll need to know what files are located there. The ls command allows you to quickly view all files within the specified directory.
Syntax: ls [option(s)] [file(s)]
Common options: -a, -l
2. echo — Prints text to the terminal window
echo prints text to the terminal window and is typically used in shell scripts and batch files to output status text to the screen or a computer file. Echo is also particularly useful for showing the values of environmental variables, which tell the shell how to behave as a user works at the command line or in scripts.
Syntax: echo [option(s)] [string(s)]
Common options: -e, -n
3. touch — Creates a file
touch is going to be the easiest way to create new files, but it can also be used to change timestamps on files and/or directories. You can create as many files as you want in a single command without worrying about overwriting files with the same name.
Syntax: touch [option(s)] file_name(s)
Common options: -a, -m, -r, -d
4. mkdir — Create a directory
mkdir is a useful command you can use to create directories. Any number of directories can be created simultaneously which can greatly speed up the process.
Syntax: mkdir [option(s)] directory_name(s)
Common options: -m, -p, -v
5. grep — search
grep is used to search text for patterns specified by the user. It is one of the most useful and powerful commands. There are often scenarios where you’ll be tasked to find a particular string or pattern within a file, but you don’t know where to start looking, that is where grep is extremely useful.
Syntax: grep [option(s)] pattern [file(s)]
Common options: -i, -c, -n
6. man — Print manual or get help for a command
The man command is your manual and is very useful when you need to figure out what a command does. For example, if you didn’t know what the command rmdir does, you could use the man command to find that out.
Syntax: man [option(s)] keyword(s)
Common options: -w, -f, -b
7. pwd — Print working directory
pwd is used to print the current directory you’re in. As an example, if you have multiple terminals going and you need to remember the exact directory you’re working within, then pwd will tell you.
Syntax: pwd [option(s)]
Common options: options aren’t typically used with pwd
8. cd — Change directory
cd will change the directory you’re in so that you can get info, manipulate, read, etc. the different files and directories in your system.
Syntax: cd [option(s)] directory
Common options: options aren’t typically used with cd
9. mv — Move or rename directory
mv is used to move or rename directories. Without this command, you would have to individually rename each file which is tedious. mv allows you to do batch file renaming which can save you loads of time.
Syntax: mv [option(s)] argument(s)
Common options: -i, -b
10. rmdir — Remove directory
rmdir will remove empty directories. This can help clean up space on your computer and keep files and folders organized. It’s important to note that there are two ways to remove directories: rm and rmdir. The distinction between the two is that rmdir will only delete empty directories, whereas rm will remove directories and files regardless if they contain data or not.
Syntax: rmdir [option(s)] directory_names
Common options: -p
11. locate — Locate a specific file or directory
This is by far the simplest way to find a file or directory. You can keep your search broad if you don’t know what exactly it is you’re looking for, or you can narrow the scope by using wildcards or regular expressions.
Syntax: locate [option(s)] file_name(s)
Common options: -q, -n, -i
12. less — view the contents of a text file
The less command allows you to view files without opening an editor. It’s faster to use, and there’s no chance of you inadvertently modifying the file.
Syntax: less file_name
Common options: -e, -f, -n
13. compgen — Shows all available commands, aliases, and functions
compgen is a handy command when you need to reference all available commands, aliases, and functions.
Syntax: compgen [option(s)]
Common options: -a, -c, -d
14. > — redirect stdout
The > character is the redirect operator. This takes the output from the preceding command that you’d normally see in the terminal and sends it to a file that you give it. As an example, take echo "contents of file1" > file1. Here it creates a file called file1 and puts the echoed string into it.
Syntax: >
Common options: n/a
15. cat — Read a file, create a file, and concatenate files
cat is one of the more versatile commands and serves three main functions: displaying them, combining copies of them, and creating new ones.
Syntax: cat [option(s)] [file_name(s)] [-] [file_name(s)]
Common options: -n
16. | — Pipe
A pipe takes the standard output of one command and passes it as the input to another.
Syntax: |
Common options: n/a
17. head — Read the start of a file
By default, the head command displays the first 10 lines of a file. There are times when you may need to quickly look at a few lines in a file and head allows you to do that. A typical example of when you’d want to use head is when you need to analyze logs or text files that change frequently.
Syntax: head [option(s)] file(s)
Common options: -n
18. tail — Read the end of a file
By default, the tail command displays the last 10 lines of a file. There are times when you may need to quickly look at a few lines in a file and tail allows you to do that. A typical example of when you’d want to use tail is when you need to analyze logs or text files that change frequently.
Syntax: tail [option(s)] file_names
Common options: -n
19. chmod — Sets the file permissions flag on a file or folder
There are situations that you’ll come across where you or a colleague will try to upload a file or modify a document and you receive an error because you don’t have access. The quick fix for this is to use chmod. Permissions can be set with either alphanumeric characters (u, g, o) and can be assigned their access with w, r, x. Conversely, you can also use octal numbers (0-7) to change the permissions. For example, chmod 777 my_file will give access to everyone.
Syntax: chmod [option(s)] permissions file_name
Common options: -f, -v
20. exit — Exit out of a directory
The exit command will close a terminal window, end the execution of a shell script, or log you out of an SSH remote access session.
Syntax: exit
Common options: n/a
21. history — list your most recent commands
An important command when you need to quickly identify past commands that you’ve used.
Syntax: history
Common options: -c, -d
22. clear — Clear your terminal window
This command is used to clear all previous commands and output from consoles and terminal windows. This keeps your terminal clean and removes the clutter so you can focus on subsequent commands and their output.
Syntax: clear
Common options: n/a
23. cp — copy files and directories
Use this command when you need to back up your files.
Syntax: cp [option(s)] current_name new_name
Common options: -r, -i, -b
24. kill — terminate stalled processes
The kill command allows you to terminate a process from the command line. You do this by providing the process ID (PID) of the process to kill. To find the PID, you can use the ps command accompanied by options -aux.
Syntax: kill [signal or option(s)] PID(s)
Common options: -p
25. sleep — delay a process for a specified amount of time
sleep is a common command for controlling jobs and is mainly used in shell scripts. You’ll notice in the syntax that there is a suffix; the suffix is used to specify the unit of time whether it be s (seconds), m (minutes), or d (days). The default unit of time is seconds unless specified.
Syntax: sleep number [suffix]
Common options: n/a
How to create your own custom Bash commands
Custom commands in Bash are known as “aliases”. Aliases are essentially an abbreviation, or a means to avoid typing a long command sequence. They can save a great deal of typing at the command line so you can avoid having to remember complex combinations of commands and options. There is one caveat to using aliases, and that is to be sure you don’t overwrite any keywords.
Syntax: alias alias_name = “command_to_run”
A very simple example would look like this:
alias c = “clear”
Now every time you want to clear the screen, instead of typing in “clear”, you can just type ‘c’ and you’ll be good to go.
You can also get more complicated, such as if you wanted to set up a web server in a folder:
alias www = 'python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000'
Here's an example of a useful alias for when you need to test a website in different web browsers:
alias ff4 = '/opt/firefox/firefox'
alias ff13 = '/opt/firefox13/firefox'
alias chrome = '/opt/google/chrome/chrome'
Apart from creating aliases that make use of one command, you can also use aliases to run multiple commands such as:
alias name_goes_here = 'activator && clean && compile && run'
While you can use aliases to run multiple commands, it’s recommended that you use functions as they’re considerably more flexible and allow you to do more complex logic and are great for writing scripts.
Where to go from here
Now that you’re armed with the top commands and how to customize them, you can put them into practice.
Master the Bash Shell will give you an understanding of all the core concepts you need to gain complete control over your system. Ian Miell, the author of Learn Bash the Hard Way, created this course to teach you all the intricacies of Bash that took him decades to learn by trial and error.
Happy learning!
Top comments (1)
What made you pick these as your top 25? It seems when people make these lists, everyone has a few in common, but there are always some preferences. Why do you like
clear, for instance, enough to put it in your top list?I have a few concerns:
I'd say it's the other way around.
touchis to update the timestamps on a file or directory, and it has a side-effect of creating a file if it doesn't already exist. I'm picky about this one because... people don't need to create files. I wrote a post about it because I'm some kind of nit-picker.I don't know what you mean here,
mvis used to move (or rename, effectively, depending on file system) files or directories. If you want to do bulk renaming, you'd either use some clever little variable expansion or therenamecommand.exitexits the shell, it doesn't have anything to do with the directory. Did you miss off part of the explanation?Commands are built-ins or external executable files. Custom commands are generally executable files, but can be functions if we stretch the definition a bit. I wouldn't tell people that aliases are commands because otherwise they'll be left wondering why these new commands don't work in any of their scripts (for example).