Post COVID-19 Ophthalmic Symptoms in a Oriental Indian Man.

Biofilm formation is important for establishing plants-microbe associations. The role of calcium on biofilm formation has been studied in many bacteria except rhizobia. In this study, we investigated the role of calcium for biofilm formation in Azorhizobium caulindans, which forms nodules in the stem and root of its host plant Sesbania rostrata. We found that calcium is essential for A. caulindans biofilm formation, in addition to the presence of extracellular matrix components, eDNA and proteins. Also, calcium-mediated biofilm formation was tested with chemotaxis, motility, cyclic di-GMP synthesis, and quorum sensing mutants. Finally, calcium was found to promote S. rostrata root colonization of A. caulinodans. In total, these results show that calcium is essential for A. caulindans biofilm formation, and it affects the interaction between A. caulinodans and host plant.The intertidal zone often has varying levels of environmental stresses (desiccation, temperature, light) that result in highly stress-tolerant macrobiota occupying the upper zone while less tolerant species occupy the lower zone, but little comparative information is available for intertidal bacteria. Here we describe natural (unmanipulated) bacterial communities of three Fucus congeners (F. spiralis, high zone; F. vesiculosus, mid zone; F. distichus, low zone) as well as those of F. vesiculosus transplanted to the high zone (Dry and Watered treatments) and to the mid zone (Procedural Control) during summer in Maine (United States). We predicted that bacterial communities would be different among the differently zoned natural congeners, and that higher levels of desiccation stress in the high zone would cause bacterial communities of Dry transplants to become similar to F. spiralis, whereas relieving desiccation stress on Watered transplants would maintain the mid-zone F. vesiculosus bacterial community. Bact= 0.059). The relative abundance of Rhodobacteraceae associated with holdfasts generally correlated with environmental stress with highest abundance associated with F. spiralis and the two high-zone transplant treatments. These findings suggest that the abiotic stressors that shape distributional patterns of host species also affect their bacterial communities.Drought limits crop productivity, especially of sugarcane, which is predominantly grown in the subtropical parts of China. Soil microbes perform a wide range of functions that are important for plant productivity and responses to drought stress, and fungi play an important role in plant-soil interactions. The Ea-DREB2B gene of sugarcane, Saccharum arundinaceum, is involved in regulating the response to drought stress. In this study, fungal communities of the transgenic (TG) sugarcane variety GN18, harboring the drought-tolerant gene Ea-DREB2B and its corresponding non-TG wild-type (WT) variety, FN95-1702, were investigated in three soil compartments (rhizoplane, rhizosphere, and bulk soil) by assessing the internal transcribed spacer region using Illumina MiSeq. As the soil microbial community is also affected by various environmental factors, such as pH, carbon availability, and soil moisture, we determined the total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents in the rhizoplane, rhizosphere, and bulk soil compartments to explore the associations between soil fungal communities and host plant characteristics. The differences between the soil fungal communities of TG and WT plants were detected. The alpha diversity of TG fungal communities was more correlated to environmental factors than the beta diversity. The abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) enriched in TG root-related area was far more than that in the root-related area of WT plants. HG106 nmr Thereinto, more saprotrophs were enriched in the TG root-related area, indicating altered niches of fungal guilds around TG roots. These results revealed that host plant genotype did play a key role for strengthening plant-fungi interaction and enhancing beneficial fungal function in the root-related area (rhizoplane and rhizosphere) of TG sugarcane in order to respond to drought stress.Serendipita indica (former Piriformospora indica) is a non-obligate endophytic fungus and generally a plant growth and defence promoter with high potential to be used in agriculture. However, S. indica may switch from biotrophy to saprotrophy losing its plant growth promoting traits. Our aim was to understand if the free-living stage growth conditions (namely C availability) regulate S. indica's phenotype, and its potential as plant-growth-promoting-microbe (PGPM). We grew S. indica in its free-living stage under increasing C availabilities (2-20 g L-1 of glucose or sucrose). We first characterised the effect of C availability during free-living stage growth on fungal phenotype colonies growth and physiology (plasma membrane proton pumps, stable isotopic signatures, and potential extracellular decomposing enzymes). The effect of the C availability during the free-living stage of the PGPM was evaluated on wheat. We observed that C availability during the free-living stage regulated S. indica's growth, ultrastructure and physiology, resulting in two distinct colony phenotypes compact and explorer. The compact phenotype developed at low C, used peptone as the major C and N source, and displayed higher decomposing potential for C providing substrates; while the explorer phenotype developed at high C, used glucose and sucrose as major C sources and casein and yeast extract as major N sources, and displayed higher decomposing potential for N and P providing substrates. The C availability, or the C/N ratio, during the free-living stage left a legacy to the symbiosis stage, regulating S. indica's potential to promote plant growth wheat growth promotion by the explorer phenotype was ± 40% higher than that by the compact phenotype. Our study highlights the importance of considering microbial ecology in designing PGPM/biofertilizers. Further studies are needed to test the phenotypes under more extreme conditions, and to understand if the in vitro acquired characteristics persist under field conditions.HG106 nmr