Total Chapters are following
Introduction
Typography
List, Link, Media
Table & Form
HTML5 Sematic Elements
Web Accessibility
HTML Graphics
Projects
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction to HTML
What is HTML & Why HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
It is not a programming language
HTML helps us to create the main structure of a webpage
With the help of markup tag we can display text, image, video etc. on the webpage
History of HTML
Tim Berners-Lee created HTML in 1991
1.2 Tag, content, attribute, element
What is Tag & its syntax?
Tag is the heart of html; HTML document is mainly built with tag.
Tag Syntax: <keyword> ; Inside the angular brackets we need to write predefined keywords to use html tag.
Small / capital letters both can be used when writing html tag; however small letter is prefered.
Example: <p> This is a paragraph </p>
In the example, <p> is an opening tag, </p> is a closing tag and This is a paragraph is called content
In between the starting tag to end tag we have content
Everything from starting tag to end tag is called Element
What are the types of Tag?
There are 2 types of html tag: Pair/container tag and empty tag
Pair tag has starting and ending; However, empty tag has no closing tag.
Some of the example of pair tag and empty tags are given below:
<!-- Some examples of Pair/Container Tag -->
<html>
...
</html>
<head>
...
</head>
<body>
...
</body>
<p>...</p>
<h1>...</h1>
....
<!-- Some examples of Empty Tag -->
<br />
<hr />
<img />
<input />
...
What is attribute & how to use attribute?
Attribute helps tag to extend its capabilities
In the following example, <img/> is tag; src, height, width are the attributes
<img src="anis.jpg" height="200" width="200" />
Attribute Syntax: attributeName="attributeValue"
1.3 Structure of an HTML document
HTML basic structure
HTML document has 2 important part: head, body
In the following example a basic structure of a HTML document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
TITLE, META TAG ETC.
</head>
<body>
CONTENT OF THE WEBPAGE
</body>
</html>
Always use <!DOCTYPE html> to tell the browser what type of document to expect; remember it is not a tag, just a declaration
Every HTML document must have <html> pair tag and Inside <html> tag we use <head> and <body> as the example shows above.
Inside head tag we use meta tag, set title etc.
Inside body tag we write everything that we want to display on web page.
Environment setup
Editor: VScode / Notepad++ / Sublime
Browser: Google Chrome / Firefox
Version Control: GitHub
1.4 First HTML Program
Example of a basic webpage
<!DOCTYPE html>
Document
This is my first webpage
I am Anisul Islam
A full stack web developer & passionate computer science teacher
Here, lang attribute refers to the language; attribute value en refers to english
Inside <head> tag we have set title of the webpage using <title> tag
Inside <body> tag we are displaying some text. here <br/> tag creates a line break
1.5 Inside Head Tag
Example
<br> body {<br> background-color: aquamarine;<br> }<br>
Document
Inside <head> tag we can define metadata(document title, character set, links, scripts, styles), other information that will not be visible to the users
meta tag provides information to the browsers and search engines about the webpage
<meta charset="UTF-8" /> defines the character encoding for the HTML document.
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> for supporting older version of IE.
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> defines that webpage width is related to devices width and initial zoom level is 1.
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"> generally connects css file to html. Inside of href attribute we give the css file name.
<style> ... </style> we can use <style> ... </style> tag directly inside the head tag for designing html elements.
<script src="index.js"></script> generally connects js file to html. we can also use <script> ... </script> tag directly inside the body tag.
1.6 Debugging
After writing your html code you can check the validity on this website https://validator.w3.org/
Chapter 2: Typography
2.1 Headings, Paragraph, Horizontal rule
Example
<!--6 heading tags-->
This is a h1
This is a h2
This is a h3
This is a h4
This is a h5
This is a h6
<!--to create a paragrap use p tag-->
This is a paragraph. I am writing a paragraph here.
<!--to create a horizontal rule use hr tag-->
output of the text-formatting tags is below:
There are 6 HTML heading levels. <h1> is the largest level and <h6> is the smallest level.
by default, heading tags and paragraph tag create new line (block level element)
<hr size="2"/> here <hr/> is an empty tag responsible for creating horizontal rule and size attribute set the heights of the horizontal rule in pixel
2.2 Styling html elemnts
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<style>
body {
background-color: #222;
}
h1 {
/* color: white; */
/* color: #fff; */
color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<title>Document</title>
Bangladesh is my motherland. I miss Bangladesh a lot.
I also miss my family
From the example, you can see that for styling html elements inside the html documents we can use style tag or style attribute
style attribute in HTML: style="property: value; property: value..." (from the example you can see that <p> tag has style attribute where paragraph color is set as green)
style tag in HTML: <style> ... </style> tag must be used inside the head tag as shown in this example. In this example you can see that <h1> and <body> tag has styling property like color, text-align, background-color.
To set color of an html element we can use color name / hexadecimal color code / rgb color / hsl code as a value of color property as shown in this example for h1 tag.
some tools for selecting color
htmlcolorcodes
imagecolorpicker
colorhunt
colorzilla
2.3 Text Formatting tags
Example
<!-- b(bold) and strong tag are quite similar -->
This is a bold text
This is a strong text
<!-- i(italic) and em(emphasize) tag are quite similar -->
This is a italic text
This is a emphasize text
<!-- u(underline) -->
This is a italic text
<!--tags can be used inside one another-->
bold. italic and bold
Important task should be highlighted
<!-- del (deleted) -->
This is a deleted text
<!-- sup (superscript), sub(subscript) -->
H2O
(a+b)2
<!-- pre tag helps to show text as you want to formatted -->
This is a
life changing documentation
Read,learn, enjoy
ofcourse share with others
output of the text-formatting tags is below:
2.4 How to write bangla in html documentation
2.5 Entity, comment
Comment syntax example
Entity syntax example
© < > > ♥
First example shows the example of a html comment
second example shows an example of entity
To create an entity first write & then give a keyword and then give a semicolon
© will create copyright symbol
< will create less than symbol
> will create greater than symbol
♥ will create hearts symbol
2.6 How to add symbol, icons and emoji
Unicode character website: https://unicode-table.com/en/
W3School emoji link: https://www.w3schools.com/charsets/ref_emoji.asp
iconfinder icon link: https://www.iconfinder.com/
2.7 Font Style
Some common style property such as font-size, font-family, color, background-color, font-weight, font-style for styling text
In the following example, we are setting the h1's background color as green, font color as white, font size 5rem or 80px and font family is fantasy
<body>
<h1
style="
background-color: green;
color: white;
font-size: 5rem;
font-family: fantasy;
"
>
Bangladesh
</h1>
</body>
output of the heading style code
Chapter 3: List, Link, Media
3.1 HTML List
Mainly there are 2 types of list available in html: ordered list, unordered list
ol (ordered list) tag is used for creating ordered list
ul (unordered list) tag is used for creating unordered list
li (list) tag is a common tag for both ordered and unordered list example
<body>
<h3>Web development front end skills</h3>
<ol>
<li>HTML</li>
<li>GitHub</li>
<li>Figma</li>
<li>CSS</li>
<li>Tailwind CSS / Bootstrap</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>JS</li>
<li>sass</li>
<li>React.js</li>
<li>Typescript.js</li>
</ul>
</body>
output of the list code
3.2 HTML Link
link tag <a> ... </a> is used for visiting other pages or websites.
Inside <a> link href="url" attribute is used where we give the address where we want to visit based on click
Inside <a> link target="_blank" attribute is used to open a new tab for the visited page/site
As shown in the following example we can send email by clicking the link for that we have to use href="mailto:EMAIL_ADDRESS_HERE"
As shown in the following example we can call somone by clicking the link for that we have to use href="tel:PHONE_NUMBER_HERE"
Example
<body>
<h3>Contact Me</h3>
<a href="http://www.studywithanis.com" target="_blank">website</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/anisulislamrubel" target="_blank"
>YouTube</a
>
<br />
<br />
<a href="tel:0017444044000" target="_blank">Call me</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="mailto:anisul2010s@yahoo.co.uk" target="_blank">Mail Me</a>
</body>
output of the html link code
3.3 HTML Image
For adding image on webpage we use <img /> tag as shown in the following example.
some common attribute for <img /> tag: src, alt, height, width, title
syntax for adding image: <img src="imagename" alt="alternative" title="profile image">
src attribute needs the image address
alt attribute shows some text about image if image is not found
title attribute shows some tooltip text when we hover over the image
height and width attribute helps us to set the height and width of image
we can use <img> tag inside of <a> tag so that when we click an image it will take us to a link. <a href="" target="_blank"> <img src="" alt="" /> </a>
3.4 iframe
iframe helps us to display any website, youtube video or map inside our own webpage
iframe Example
<iframe
width="560"
height="315"
src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oN8aS_HW4k8"
title="YouTube video player"
allowfullscreen
>
</iframe>
3.5 how to add audio in webpage
<audio> ... </audio> tag helps us to add audio in our webpage
<audio> ... </audio> tag has some attributes such as controls autoplay muted height width
audio example shows how to add aduio source by using <source /> tag
Inside <source /> tag we must define the src="" src address/name and also the type="" of audio
as the example shows there are 2 <source /> tag is used if the first format is not supported by the browser then second one will work. if first and second both is not supported by the browser then Your browser does not support the audio element. will work.
audio Example
<audio controls autoplay muted height="300" width="300">
<source src="anis.mp3" type="audio/mp3">
<source src="anis.wav" type="audio/wav">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio
3.6 how to add video in webpage
<video> ... </video> tag helps us to add video in our webpage
<video> ... </video> tag has some attributes such as controls autoplay muted height width
video Example
Chapter 4: Table, Form
4.1 HTML Basic Table
<table> tag is used to create table.
<thead> tag is used to create table head.
<tbody> tag is used to create table body.
<tfoot> tag is used to create table footer.
<tr> tag is used to create table row.
<td> tag is used to create table data cell.
<th> tag is used to create table header cell.
<caption> tag is used to create table caption.
Follow the image to understand td, tr, table
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Student Table
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>GPA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>101</td>
<td>Anis</td>
<td>3.92</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Rabeya</td>
<td>3.45</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>103</td>
<td>Rasel</td>
<td>3.45</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
output of the above html code table
4.2 HTML Table rowspan, colspan
rowspan="N" attribute is used to tell that a cell will expand N number of rows.
colspan="N" attribute is used to tell that a cell will expand N number of columns.
An example of rowspan is given below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
<style>
table,
th,
td {
border: 1px solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Student Table
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>GPA</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>101</td>
<td>Anis</td>
<td>3.92</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Rabeya</td>
<td rowspan="2">3.45</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>103</td>
<td>Rasel</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
output of the above html code table
<br/>
An example of rowspan is given below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
<style>
table,
th,
td {
border: 1px solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Student Table
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Phone</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>101</td>
<td>Anis</td>
<td>017</td>
<td>018</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Rabeya</td>
<td>019</td>
<td>015</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
output of the above html code table
<br />
An example of colspan and rowspan is given below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
<style>
table,
th,
td {
border: 1px solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Student Table
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>GPA</th>
<th colspan="2">Phone</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>101</td>
<td>Anis</td>
<td rowspan="2">3.45</td>
<td>017</td>
<td>018</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Rabeya</td>
<td>019</td>
<td>015</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td>Rabeya</td>
<td>3.95</td>
<td>019</td>
<td>015</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
output of the above html code table
4.3 Accessible table
<th scope="col/row">
An example of accessible table using scope is given below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
<style>
table,
th,
td {
border: 1px solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Student Table
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Student ID</th>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Age</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row">101</th>
<td>Anis</td>
<td>31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">102</th>
<td>Rabeya</td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
output of the above html code table
An example of table using <colgroup> & <col> tags is given below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
<style>
table,
th,
td {
border: 1px solid;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Student Table
</caption>
<colgroup>
<col span="2" style="background-color: tomato" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Student ID</th>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Age</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row">101</th>
<td>Anis</td>
<td>31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">102</th>
<td>Rabeya</td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
output of the above html code table
4.4 HTML Form
HTML
Elements:<form> element is used to create a html form. form help us to collect user data.
<input /> element is the most used form element.
<label> element is used for labelling form elements. It helps the form elements accessible byguiding the screen reader. <label for="name"> element has for="" attribute which value should be equal to <input id="name"/> element's id value.
<select> - helps to create dropdown menu.
<option> - helps to create options for dropdown menu.
<textarea> - helps to create multiple lines text input field.
<button> - helps to create button.
<fieldset>
<legend>
<output>
<datalist> & list="" attributes
form attributes:
<form action="/home" method="post" autocomplete="on">-> enable the autocomplete option.
<form action="/home" method="post" autocomplete="on" enctype="text/plain">-> sends data without encoding.
name="" attribute is used to set the name of any element which is essential for getting data in server side especially.
element types
type="" attribute can change the visualization of <input /> element.
<input type="text"/> creates a single line text input field.
<input type="email"/> creates a single line email input field.
<input type="password"/> creates a single line password input field.
<input type="number"/> creates a single line number input field.
<input type="checkbox"/> creates a checkbox input field.
<input type="radio"/> creates a radio button input field.
<input type="button"/> creates a clikable button.
<input type="submit"/> creates a submit button for form.
<input type="color"/> creates a color picker input field.
<input type="date"/> creates a date picker.
<input type="month"/> creates a month picker.
<input type="time"/> creates a time picker.
<input type="week"/> creates a week picker.
<input type="image"/> creates a image selector.
<input type="file"/> creates a file selector.
<input type="url"/> creates a url selector.
<input type="tel"/> creates a input field for telephone number.
<input type="search"/> is used for searching.
<input type="hidden"/> creates a input field which is not visible to user.
<input type="range" min="" max=""/> creates a range by setting min and max value, default range is 0 to 100.
Input attributes:
value="" attribute is used to set initial value for input field.
readonly attribute is used to set an input field as readonly.
checked attribute is used to set an input field already checked.
disabled attribute is used to make a input field disable.
size="" attribute is used to set the number of characters for an input field.
maxlength="" attribute is used to set the maximum number of characters for an input field.
max="" attribute is used to set the maximum input value for an input field.
min="" attribute is used to set the minimum input value for an input field.
pattern="" attribute is used to set a regular expression for validating an input field.
placeholder="" attribute is used to give a hint to the users.
required attribute specifies that an input element must be filled before submitting the form.
step="" attribute specifies steps for input field.
autofocus attribute makes an input field automatically focus when the page is loaded.
height="" width="" attribute is used to set input elements height and width.
list="id_of_datalist" attribute is used to set input elements height and width.
A form example is given below:
<form action="/" method="post">
<div>
<datalist id="usernames">
<option value="anis"></option>
<option value="linkon"></option>
<option value="ridoy"></option>
</datalist>
<label for="username">Username: </label>
<input
type="text"
id="username"
name="username"
size="30"
autofocus
required
list="usernames"
/>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="password">Password: </label>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password" required />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="email">Email: </label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" autocomplete />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="phone">phone: </label>
<input type="tel" id="phone" name="phone" />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="dob">Date of birth: </label>
<input type="date" id="dob" name="dob" />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="month">favourite Month: </label>
<input type="month" id="month" name="month" />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="random">Select a random number from 1 to 5: </label>
<input
type="number"
id="random"
name="random"
min="1"
max="5"
value="3"
/>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="profile">Select your image: </label>
<input type="image" id="profile" name="profile" />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="file">Select a file: </label>
<input type="file" id="file" name="file" />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="color">Select favourite color: </label>
<input type="color" id="color" name="color" />
</div>
<br />
<div>
<label for="website">Paste your website's url: </label>
<input type="url" id="website" name="website" />
</div>
<!-- checkbox disable-->
<br />
<div>
<p>Religion:</p>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="muslim" checked />
<label for="muslim">muslim</label>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="hindu" />
<label for="hindu">hindu</label>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="other" disabled />
<label for="other">other</label>
</div>
</div>
<!-- radiobutton -->
<br />
<div>
<p>Gender:</p>
<div>
<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" />
<label for="male">male</label>
</div>
<div>
<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" />
<label for="female">female</label>
</div>
<div>
<input type="radio" id="other" name="gender" />
<label for="other">other</label>
</div>
</div>
<!-- dropdown menu -->
<br />
<div>
<label for="department">Department: </label>
<select name="department" id="department">
<option value="cse">CSE</option>
<option value="eee">EEE</option>
<option value="llb">LLB</option>
</select>
</div>
<!-- textarea -->
<br />
<div>
<label for="message">Message: </label> <br />
<textarea name="" id="message" cols="30" rows="10"></textarea>
</div>
<!-- button -->
<br />
<div>
<button type="submit">Save Data</button>
<button type="reset">Clear</button>
</div>
</form>
output of the above html code table
Chapter 5: HTML5 Sematic Elements
5.1 div - non semantic tag
div can help to divide screen
5.2 Introduction to HTML5
HTML5 developed in 2014
HTML5'S Objectives
adding more semantic tags
more form types
improve accessibility
improved storage facilities
improved graphics & media
remove few things
HTML5 Semantic elements: <header> <nav> <main> <article> <aside> <section> <footer> <figure> <figcaption> <details> <summary> <mark> <time>
sematic tags vs non semantic tags
semantic tags are meaningful tags for human, search engine. example: <form> <table> <p> <h1> etc.
non-semantic tags are not meaningful tags for human, search engine. example: <span> <div> etc.
sematic tags vs non semantic tags example is given below: table
5.3 details and figure elements
<details> elements have tewo states: closed, open
<summary> a short summary of details is provided by summary element
<figure> can have diagram, photos inside of it.
<figcaption> can set the figure caption.
An example of details, summary elements are given below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Document</title>
<style>
details[open] > summary {
background-color: aqua;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<details>
<summary>Anisul Islam</summary>
My Name is Anisul Islam. I am 31 years old. I have done my masters in
Software, Web & cloud at Tampere University, Finland.
</details>
<!-- no need to understand this part cause I just tested using javascript here -->
<!-- <script>
const details = document.querySelector("details");
details.addEventListener("toggle", () => {
if (details.open) {
console.log("open");
} else {
console.log("close");
}
});
</script> -->
<figure>
<img src="./images/list.png" alt="list" />
<figcaption>fig1: list image</figcaption>
</figure>
</body>
</html>
output of the heading style code
Chapter 6: Web accessibility
6.1 web accessibility
what is web accessibility?
making website supportive for disable people and search engine
how to check web accessibility?
we can use some tools like axe DevTools - Web Accessibility Testing
Tips for making website accessible:
Use Semantic elements over non semantic elements. In the following example button is more accessible than div for making a button. Semantic elements help the screen readers.
<div>Click me</div>
<button>Click me</button>
Use Heading tags in order
use one h1 element in a webpage
keep sequence when using: h1 -> h2 -> h3 ... (follow top-down order)
Use alt attribute
use alt attribute for <img /> element
alt attribute provides more info to the blind people
low bandwidth might not render the image so the alt will help here
alt attributes helps technologies like search engines
title attribute can be used when we hover over image to get extra information
Contrast ratio checker
use contrast ratio checker for foreground and background color: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/
Declare the languages
<html lang="en">
Meaningful Link txt
make link text descriptive, understandable and clear <a href="http://studywithanis.com" target="_blank"> Visit Anisul Islam's website </a>
Form related matters
use label and bind input elements with label by using id and for value same. example is given below:
<label for="email">Email: </label> <input type="email" id="email" />
References:
https://www.w3.org/WAI/fundamentals/accessibility-intro/
https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_accessibility.asp
Chapter 7: Graphics
7.1 progress bar and svg
<img src="imageName.svg">
<progress min="0" max="100" value="70"> </progress>
you will learn more about svg and canvas in CSS and Javascript playlist
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