An In-depth Introduction to State in React – Explained with Code Examples

The state is the most complex thing in React that beginners, as well as experienced developers, struggle to understand. So in this article, we'll explore all about the state in React.

Before understanding the state, let's first understand some basics so it's easy to understand the state later.

So let's get started.

How to Render Data in the UI in React

To render anything on the screen in React, we use the ReactDOM.render method.

It has the following syntax:

ReactDOM.render(element, container[, callback])

• element can be any HTML element, JSX or a component that returns a JSX
• container is the element on the UI inside which we want to render the data
• callback is the optional function we can pass which gets called once something is rendered or re-rendered on the screen

Take a look at the below code:

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const rootElement = document.getElementById("root");

ReactDOM.render(<h1>Welcome to React!</h1>, rootElement);

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

Here, we're just rendering a single h1 element to the screen.

To render multiple elements we can do it as shown below:

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const rootElement = document.getElementById("root");

ReactDOM.render(
  <div>
    <h1>Welcome to React!</h1>
    <p>React is awesome.</p>
  </div>,
  rootElement
);

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

We can also take out the JSX and put it in a variable which is a preferred way of rendering content If it gets larger like this:

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const rootElement = document.getElementById("root");

const content = (
  <div>
    <h1>Welcome to React!</h1>
    <p>React is awesome.</p>
  </div>
);

ReactDOM.render(content, rootElement);

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

Here, we've also added an extra pair of round brackets to align the JSX properly and to make it a single JSX expression.

If you want to understand JSX in detail and its various important features, check out my this article.

Now, let's display a button and some text on the screen:

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const rootElement = document.getElementById("root");

let counter = 0;

const handleClick = () => {
  counter++;
  console.log("counter", counter);
};

const content = (
  <div>
    <button onClick={handleClick}>Increment counter</button>
    <div>Counter value is {counter}</div>
  </div>
);

ReactDOM.render(content, rootElement);

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

As you can see, when we click on the button, the counter value is incremented as can be seen in the console but on the UI it's not getting updated.

This is because we're rendering the content JSX only once using the ReactDOM.render method when the page is loaded and we're not calling it again so even though the value of counter is updating, it's not getting displayed on the UI. So let's fix this.

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const rootElement = document.getElementById("root");

let counter = 0;

const handleClick = () => {
  counter++;
  console.log("counter", counter);
  renderContent();
};

const renderContent = () => {
  const content = (
    <div>
      <button onClick={handleClick}>Increment counter</button>
      <div>Counter value is {counter}</div>
    </div>
  );

  ReactDOM.render(content, rootElement);
};

renderContent();

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

Here, we've moved the content JSX and ReactDOM.render method call inside a renderContent function and once it's defined, we're calling the function so it will render the content on UI on page load.

Note that, we've also added renderContent function call inside the handleClick function so every time we click on the button, the renderContent function will be called and we'll see the updated counter on the UI.

As can you see, it's working as expected and the counter value is correctly getting displayed on the UI.

You might think that it's costly to re-render the entire DOM again on every button click but it's not because React uses Virtual DOM algorithm where it checks what is changed on the UI and only re-renders the elements which are changed and entire DOM is not re-rendered again.

Here's a Preview link for the Code Sandbox to try it yourself.

As you can see, only the counter value is re-rendered and not the entire DOM. This is the reason React is so fast and virtual DOM makes React more useful.

But still, it's not feasible to call renderContent function every time we want to update the UI. So React added a concept of State.

Introduction to State in React

The state allows us to manage the changing data in the application. It's defined as an object where we define key-value pairs specifying various data we want to track in the application.

In React, all the code we write is defined inside a component.

There are mainly two ways of creating a component in React:

• class based component
• functional component

We'll start with class based component now. Later in this article, we will see a functional component way of creating components.

You should know how to work with class based components as well as functional components including hooks.

Instead of directly learning functional components with React hooks you should first understand class based components so it's easy to clear the basics.

A Class based component is created by using an ES6 class keyword and by extending the Component class provided by React like this:

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

class Counter extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);

    this.state = {
      counter: 0
    };

    this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
  }

  handleClick() {
    this.state.counter = this.state.counter + 1;

    console.log("counter", this.state.counter);
  }

  render() {
    const { counter } = this.state;

    return (
      <div>
        <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Increment counter</button>
        <div>Counter value is {counter}</div>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

const rootElement = document.getElementById("root");
ReactDOM.render(<Counter />, rootElement);

Note that, the name of the component starts with a capital letter(Counter).

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

Let's explore what we're doing here.

• Inside the constructor function, we're first calling super by passing props to it. Then we've defined the state as an object with counter as a property of the object.
• We're also binding this context to handleClick function so inside the handleClick function we get correct context for this.
• Then inside the handleClick function, we're updating the counter and logging it to the console.
• And inside the render method, we're returning the JSX that we want to render on the UI.

As you can see, the counter is correctly getting updated as can be seen in the console but it's not getting updated on the UI.

This is because we're directly updating the state inside the handleClick function as:

this.state.counter = this.state.counter + 1

So React does not re-render the component and it's also a bad practice to directly update state.

Never ever directly update/mutate state in React as it's a bad practice and it will cause issues in your application. Also, your component will not be re-rendered on state change If you make a direct state change.

Syntax of setState

To make the state change, React has provided a setState function that allows us to update the value of the state.

setState function has the following syntax:

setState(updater, [callback])

• updater can either be a function or an object
• callback is an optional function that gets executed once the state is successfully updated

Calling setState automatically re-renders the entire component and all its child components. We don't need to manually re-render as seen previously using the renderContent method.

How to Use a Function to Update State in React

Let's modify the above Code Sandbox to use the setState function for updating the state.

Here's an updated Code Sandbox Demo.

If you check the updated handleClick function it looks like this:

handleClick() {
  this.setState((prevState) => {
    return {
      counter: prevState.counter + 1
    };
  });

  console.log("counter", this.state.counter);
}

Here, we're passing a function as a first argument to the setState function and we're returning a new state object with counter incremented by 1 based on the previous value of counter.

We're using the arrow function in the above code, but using a normal function will also work.

If you notice, we're correctly getting the updated value of the counter on the UI but in the console, we're getting the previous counter value even though we've added console.log after this.setState call.

This is because the setState function is asynchronous in nature.

This means even though we called setState to increment the counter value by 1, It does not happen immediately because when we call setState function, the entire component gets re-rendered so React needs to check what all things need to be changed using Virtual DOM algorithm and perform various checks for an efficient update of the UI.

This is the reason you may not get the updated value for counter immediately after the call to setState.

This is a very important thing to keep in mind in React as you will encounter hard to debug issues If you don't write code by keeping in mind that setState is asynchronous in React.

If for some reason you want to get the updated value of state immediately after setState call, you can pass a function as the second argument to the setState call which will be executed once the state is updated.

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo with that change.

As you can see, we're getting the correct value of counter in the console as soon as it's updated on the UI.

In the above demo, the handleClick function looks like this:

handleClick() {
  this.setState(
    (prevState) => {
      return {
        counter: prevState.counter + 1
      };
    },
    () => console.log("counter", this.state.counter)
  );
}

So here, for the setState function call, we're passing two arguments. The first is a function that returns a new State and the second is a callback function that will be called once the state is updated. We're just logging the updated counter value to the console in the callback function.

Even though React provides a callback function to get the updated state value immediately to perform some operation, It's recommended to use it only for quick testing or logging.

Instead, React recommends to use the componentDidUpdate method which is React life cycle method like this:

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
  if (prevState.counter !== this.state.counter) {
    // do something
    console.log("counter", this.state.counter);
  }
}

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

You can find more information about why to use componentDidUpdate instead of setState callback here.

How to Simplify State and Method Declaration

If you see the constructor code in the above Code Sandbox demos, you will see that it looks like this:

constructor(props) {
  super(props);

  this.state = {
    counter: 0
  };

  this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}

To make use of the this keyword inside the handleClick event handler, we have to bind it in the constructor as:

this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);

Also, just for declaring the state, we have to create a constructor, add a super call inside it and then we can declare the state.

This is not just cumbersome but also makes the code unnecessarily complicated.

As the number of event handlers increases, the number of .bind calls also increases. We can avoid doing this using the class properties syntax.

Here's an updated Code Sandbox Demo with the class properties syntax.

Here, we've moved the state directly inside the class as:

state = {
   counter: 0
};

and handlerClick event handler is changed to arrow function syntax like this:

handleClick = () => {
  this.setState((prevState) => {
    return {
      counter: prevState.counter + 1
    };
  });
};

As arrow functions do not have their own this context, it will take the context as the class so there is no need of using .bind method.

This makes code a lot simpler and easy to understand as we don't need to keep binding every event handler.

The create-react-app already has in-built support for it and you can start using this syntax right now.

We'll be using this syntax from now onwards and is the popular and preferred way to write React components.

If you want to learn more about this class properties syntax, check out my this article.

How to Use ES6 Shorthand Syntax

If you check the setState function call in the above code sandbox, it looks like this:

this.setState((prevState) => {
  return {
    counter: prevState.counter + 1
  };
});

It's a lot of code. Just for returning an object from a function, we're using 5 lines of code.

We can simplify it to a single line as below:

this.setState((prevState) => ({ counter: prevState.counter + 1 }));

Here, we've wrapped the object in round brackets to make it implicit return. This works because If we have a single statement in an arrow function we can skip the return keyword and curly brackets like this:

const add = (a, b) => { 
 return a + b;
}

// the above code is the same as below code:

const add = (a, b) => a + b;

But as the opening curly bracket is considered as the start of the function body, we need to wrap the object inside round brackets to make it work properly.

Here's an updated Code Sandbox Demo with this change.

How to Use an Object as a State Updater in React

In the above code, we've used a function as the first argument for setState but we can also pass an object as an argument.

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

The component code looks like this:

class User extends React.Component {
  state = {
    name: "Mike"
  };

  handleChange = (event) => {
    const value = event.target.value;
    this.setState({ name: value });
  };

  render() {
    const { name } = this.state;

    return (
      <div>
        <input
          type="text"
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          placeholder="Enter your name"
          value={name}
        />
        <div>Hello, {name}</div>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

Here, we've added an input textbox where the user types name and it's displayed below the textbox as the user types into the textbox.

In the state, we've initialized the name property to Mike and we've added an onChange handler to the input textbox like this:

state = {
  name: "Mike"
};

...

<input
  type="text"
  onChange={this.handleChange}
  placeholder="Enter your name"
  value={name}
/>

So when we type anything in the textbox, we're updating the state with the value typed by passing an object to the setState function.

handleChange = (event) => {
  const value = event.target.value;
  this.setState({ name: value });
}

But which form of setState to use and is preferred? whether to pass an object or a function as a first argument to the setState function.

The answer is: pass an object, If you don't need the prevState parameter to find the next state value otherwise pass the function as the first argument to setState.

But you need to be aware of one issue with passing an object as an argument.

Take a look at this Code Sandbox Demo.

In the above demo, the handleClick method looks like this:

handleClick = () => {
  const { counter } = this.state;
  this.setState({
    counter: counter + 1
  });
}

We're taking the current value of the counter and incrementing it by 1 and it works fine as can be seen below:

Now, take a look at this Code Sandbox Demo which is a modified version of the previous Code Sandbox demo.

Our handleClick method looks like this now:

handleClick = () => {
  this.setState({
    counter: 5
  });

  const { counter } = this.state;

  this.setState({
    counter: counter + 1
  });
}

Here, we're first setting the counter value to 5 and then incrementing it by 1. So the expected value of counter is 6. Let's see if that's the case.

As you can see, when we click the button the first time, we expected the counter value to become 5 but it becomes 1 and on every next click it's incremented by 1.

This is because as we have seen previously, the setState function is asynchronous in nature. When we call setState function, the value of the counter does not become 5 immediately so on the next line we're getting the counter value of 0 which we've initialized the state initially.

So it becomes 1 when we call setState again to increment the counter by 1 and it keeps on incrementing by 1 only.

To fix this issue, we need to use the updater syntax of the setState where we pass a function as the first argument.

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo.

In the above demo, the handleClick method looks like this now:

handleClick = () => {
  this.setState({
    counter: 5
  });

  this.setState((prevState) => {
    return {
      counter: prevState.counter + 1
    };
  });

  this.setState((prevState) => {
    return {
      counter: prevState.counter + 1
    };
  });
}

As you can see, when we first time clicks on the button, the value of counter becomes 7 which is as expected because first, we set it to 5 and then increment it by 1 twice so it becomes 7 and it remains at 7 even If we click the button multiple times because on every click we're re-setting it to 5 and incrementing twice.

This is because inside the handleClick we're calling setState to set the counter value to 5 by passing an object as the first argument to the setState function and after that, we've called two setState calls where we're using the function as the first argument.

So how does this work correctly?

When React sees a setState call, it schedules an update to make a change to the state because it's asynchronous but before it completes the state change, React sees that there is another setState call so React will not re-render immediately with a new counter value but It merges all the setState calls and updates the counter based of the previous value of counter as we've used the prevState.counter to calculate the counter value.

And once all the setState calls are completed successfully, then only React re-renders the component. So even If there are three setState calls, React will re-render the component only once, which you can confirm by adding a console.log statement inside the render method.

So the point to remember is that you should carefully use an object as the first argument to setState call as it might result in an unpredictable outcome and use function as the first argument to get the correct result based on the previous result.

You might not call setState one after another as we've done in the above demo but you might call it inside another function as shown below:

state = {
 isLoggedIn: false
};

...

doSomethingElse = () => {
 const { isLoggedIn } = this.state;
 if(isLoggedIn) {
   // do something different 
 }
};

handleClick = () => {
  // some code
  this.setState({ isLoggedIn: true);
  doSomethingElse();
}

In the above code, we've defined a isLoggedIn state and we've two functions handleClick and doSomethingElse. Inside the handleClick function, we're updating the isLoggedIn state value to true and immediately we're calling the doSomethingElse function on the next line.

So inside the doSomethingElse you might think that you will get the isLoggedIn state as true and code inside if condition will be executed but it will not be executed because setState is asynchronous and the state might not be updated immediately.

That's why React added lifecycle methods like componendDidUpdate to do something when state or prop is updated.

So you should keep an eye to check If you're using the same state variable again in the next line or next function to do some operation to avoid the undesired results.

How to Merge setState Calls in React

Take a look at this CodeSandbox Demo.

Here, we've username and counter properties declared in the state like this:

state = {
  counter: 0,
  username: ""
};

and handleOnClick and handleOnChange event handlers declared like this:

handleOnClick = () => {
  this.setState((prevState) => ({
    counter: prevState.counter + 1
  }));
};

handleOnChange = (event) => {
  this.setState({
    username: event.target.value
  });
};

If you check the setState calls in the above functions, you can see that, inside the handleOnClick function, we're only setting the state for counter and inside the handleOnChange function we're only setting the state for username.

So we don't need to set the state for both of the state variables at the same time like this:

this.setState((prevState) => ({
    counter: prevState.counter + 1,
    username: "somevalue"
}));

We can update only the one which we want to update. React will manually merge the other state properties and we don't need to worry about manually merging them ourselves.

As you can see, we're successfully changing the counter and username independently of each other.

How to Use State in Functional Components in React

Until now, we've seen how to use state in class based components. Let's now see how to use it in functional components.

Functional components are similar to class components except that they do not have state and lifecycle methods. This is the reason, you may have heard of them called as stateless functional components.

These components only accept props and return some JSX.

Functional components make code short and easier to understand and test.

They're also a little faster to execute as they don't have lifecycle methods and don't have extra data offered by React.Component class which we extend in class based components.

Take a look at this Code Sandbox Demo.

Here, we're loading a list of 20 random users from the random user generator API, when the component is loaded inside the componentDidMount method like this:

componentDidMount() {
  axios
    .get("https://randomuser.me/api/?page=0&results=20")
    .then((response) => this.setState({ users: response.data.results }))
    .catch((error) => console.log(error));
}

and once we got those users, we're setting it to the users state and displaying it on the UI.

{users.map((user) => (
  <User key={user.login.uuid} name={user.name} email={user.email} />
))}

Here, we're passing all the data that we need to display to the User component.

The User component looks like this:

const User = (props) => {
  const { name, email } = props;
  const { first, last } = name;

  return (
    <div>
      <p>
        Name: {first} {last}
      </p>
      <p>Email: {email} </p>
      <hr />
    </div>
  );
};

This User component is a functional component.

A functional component is a function that starts with a capital letter and returns a JSX.

Always remember to start your component name with a capital letter like User whether it's a class based component or a functional component because that's how React differentiates it from normal HTML elements when we use them like <User />.

If we use <user />, React will check for the HTML element with the name user and as there is no such HTML element, you'll not get the desired output.

In the above User functional component, we get the props passed to the component inside the props parameter of the function.

So instead of using this.props as in class components, we're using just props.

We never use this keyword in functional components so it avoids the various issues associated with this binding.

Therefore, functional components are preferred over class components.

Once we've props, we're using the object destructuring syntax to get the values out of it and display on the UI.

How to Use State in React Hooks

Starting with version 16.8.0, React introduced hooks that have completely changed the way we write code in React. Using React Hooks we can use state and lifecycle methods inside functional components.

React hooks are functional components with added state and lifecycle methods.

So now, there is very little to no difference between class based component and functional components.

Both of them can have state and life cycle methods.

But React hooks are nowadays preferred for writing React components because they make the code shorter and easier to understand.

You will rarely find React components written using class components nowadays.

To declare a state using React Hooks, we need to use the useState hook.

The useState hook accepts a parameter which is the initial value of the state.

In class based components, state is always an object but when using useState, you can provide any value as the initial value like a number, string, boolean, object, array, null etc.

The useState hook returns an array whose first value is the current value of the state and the second value is the function which we will use to update the state similar to setState method.

Let’s take an example of class based component which uses state and we will convert it into a functional component using hooks.

import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';

class App extends React.Component {
  state = {
    counter: 0
  };

  handleOnClick = () => {
    this.setState(prevState => ({
      counter: prevState.counter + 1
    }));
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Counter value is: {this.state.counter} </p>
        <button onClick={this.handleOnClick}>Increment</button>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo which is written using class components.

Let’s convert the above code to use hooks.

import React, { useState } from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

const App = () => {
  const [counter, setCounter] = useState(0);

  return (
    <div>
      <div>
        <p>Counter value is: {counter} </p>
        <button onClick={() => setCounter(counter + 1)}>Increment</button>
      </div>
    </div>
  );
};

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById("root"));

Here's a Code Sandbox Demo which is written using React hooks.

As you can see, using React hooks makes the code a lot shorter and easier to understand.

Let’s understand the above code.

• To use the useState hook, we need to import it as we have done it in the first line.
• Inside the App component, we are calling useState by passing 0 as the initial value and using destructuring syntax, we stored the array values returned by useState into counter and setCounter variables.
• It's a common convention to prefix the function name used to update the state with the set keyword as in setCounter.
• When we click the increment button, we are defining an inline function and calling the setCounter function by passing the updated counter value.
• Note that, as we already have the counter value, we have used that to increment the counter using setCounter(counter + 1)
• Since there is a single statement in the inline on click handler, there is no need for moving the code into a separate function. Though you can do that if the code inside the handler becomes complex.

If you want to learn in detail about useState and other React hooks along with examples, then check out my Introduction to React Hooks article.

Thanks for reading!

Want to learn all ES6+ features in detail including let and const, promises, various promise methods, array and object destructuring, arrow functions, async/await, import and export and a whole lot more from scratch?

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