Our results are in agreement with basic expectations from breeding theory, pointing to some of the limitations of community-level selection experiments that can inform the design of future studies.Since the discovery of neuromedin U (NmU) from porcine spinal cord in 1985, this neuropeptide has been subsequently identified in many other species with multiple physiological and pathophysiological roles detected, ranging from smooth muscle contraction, feeding, energy balance to tumorigenesis. Intriguingly, NmU is also emerging to play pro-inflammatory roles involving immune cell activation and cytokine release in a neuron-dependent or neuron-independent manner. The NmU-mediated inflammatory responses have already been observed in worm infection, sepsis, autoimmune arthritis and allergic animal models. In this review, we focus on the roles of NmU in immunity and inflammation by highlighting the interactions between NmU and immune cells, summarizing the signalling mechanism involved in their reactions and discussing its potential contributions to inflammatory diseases.
Epidemiological studies on the association between asthma and cardiovascular disease have reported conflicting results. This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between asthma and ischaemic heart disease (IHD)/stroke in Korean adults.
Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-Health Examinees were used. Among 173209 participants, 3162 asthmatic and 159408 control participants were selected. Histories of asthma, IHD and stroke were obtained. Participants were categorized according to their current status of asthma management 'well-controlled', 'being treated', and 'not being treated'. Crude and adjusted (age, gender, body mass index, income, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and nutritional intake) odds ratios (ORs) for IHD and stroke in asthmatic patients were analysed using a multiple logistic regression model.
Participants with asthma reported a significantly higher prevalence of IHD (6.0% vs 3.0%) and stroke (2.3% vs 1.4%) than those without asthma (P<.001). Asthmatic participants had a higher OR (1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.251-1.71, P<.001) for IHD than those without asthma. The association between asthma and IHD was significant only in patients aged ≥53years (men adjusted OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.01-1.70, P=.046; women adjusted OR=1.64, 95% CI=1.32-2.03, P<.001) according to age and sex and in the 'not being treated' asthma group (adjusted OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.14-1.91, P=.003) according to the asthma management status. Stroke was not significantly associated with asthma (adjusted OR=1.17, 95% CI=0.92-1.48, P=.203) in the adjusted model and all subgroup analyses.
Asthma was associated with IHD, mainly in older patients and untreated asthma patients, but not with stroke.
Asthma was associated with IHD, mainly in older patients and untreated asthma patients, but not with stroke.
Diffuse gliomas have an increased biological aggressivenessacross the World Health Organization (WHO) grading system. The implications of glioma grading on the primary motor cortex (M1)-corticospinal tract (CST) excitability is unknown.
To assess the excitability of the motor pathway with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS).
Retrospective cohort study of patients admitted for surgery with diffuse gliomas within motor eloquent areas.Demographic, clinical, andnTMS-related variables were collected. The Cortical Excitability Score (CES 0 to 2 according to the number of abnormalinterhemispheric resting motor threshold (RMT) ratios) was calculated for patients where bilateral upper and lower limb mapping was performed.
A total of 45 patients were included 9 patients had a low-grade glioma and 36 patients had a high-grade glioma.The unadjusted analysis revealed an increase in the latency of the motor evoked potential of the lower limb with an increase of the WHO grade (P=.038). The adjusted analysis confirmed this finding (P=.013) and showed a relation between the increase in the WHO and a decreased RMT (P=.037) of the motor evoked responses in the lower limb. When CES was calculated, an increase in the score was related with an increase in the WHO grade (unadjusted analysis-P=.0001; adjusted analysis-P=.001) and in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type tumors (unadjusted analysis-P=.020).
An increase in the WHO grading system and IDH wild-type tumors are associated with an abnormal excitability of the motor eloquent areas in patients with diffuse gliomas.
An increase in the WHO grading system and IDH wild-type tumors are associated with an abnormal excitability of the motor eloquent areas in patients with diffuse gliomas.This meta-analysis explores the role of the posterior cerebellum Crus I/II in social mentalizing. We identified over 200 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies via NeuroSynth that met our inclusion criteria and fell within bilateral Crus II areas related to 'sequencing' during mentalizing (coordinates ±24 -76 -40; from earlier studies) and mere social 'mentalizing' or self-related emotional cognition (coordinates ±26 -84 -34; from NeuroSynth), located in the cerebellar mentalizing network. A large majority of these studies (74%) involved mentalizing or self-related emotional cognition. Other functions formed small minorities. This high incidence in Crus II compares very favorably against the lower base rate for mentalizing and self-related emotions (around 35%) across the whole brain as revealed in NeuroSynth. In contrast, there was much less support for a similar role of Crus I (coordinates -40 -70 -40 from earlier 'sequencing' studies) as only 35% of the studies were related to mentalizing or self-related emotions. The present findings show that a domain-specific social mentalizing functionality is supported in the cerebellar Crus II. This has important implications for theories of the social cerebellum focusing on sequencing of social actions, and for cerebellar neurostimulation treatments.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with left ventricular apical aneurysm (LVAA) is associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. However, the clinical significance of LVAA in apical HCM (ApHCM) has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) characteristics, and prognosis of LVAA in ApHCM patients.
A total of 1332 consecutive ApHCM patients confirmed by CMR in our hospital were retrospectively analysed. LVAAs were identified in 31 patients of all ApHCM patients (2.3%, 31/1332). Besides, 31 age- and gender-matched ApHCM patients without LVAA were used for comparison. Of the 31 aneurysm patients (mean age, 53.8 ± 15.1 years old), 28 (90.3%) had clinical symptoms, and 3 (9.7%) had a family history of HCM. The rate of missed diagnosis of echocardiography for detecting LVAA was 64.5% (20/31), most (90%, 18/20) of unidentified LVAAs by echocardiography were small aneurysms (<20 mm). selleck products Compared with ApHCM patients without LVAA, the proportion of systolic mid-cavity obstruction and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) presence, and the LGE extent in ApHCM patients with LVAA were significantly higher (all P<0.selleck products
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