Preclinical Neuropathic Pain Evaluation; the Importance of Translatability and Bidirectional Investigation.

Developing high-performance sensors for glucose detection is extremely desirable for clinical diagnostics and life sciences. Particularly, it is greatly attractive to exploit composite materials with large surface area, doped heterojunction and non-precious metal as highly active electro-catalysts for nonenzymatic glucose sensing. Herein, we reported a N-doped carbon dodecahedron embedded with Co nanoparticles (Co@NCD) for the direct electro-oxidation of glucose and efficient nonenzymatic glucose detection. Co@NCD was synthesized by the pyrolysis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF). Field emission scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments were performed to investigate Co@NCD. A well-defined dodecahedron morphology with uniform size and shape was observed. Besides, the original framework was carbonized after pyrolysis leading to a hollow and porous graphite dodecahedron containing N-doped carbon heterojunction. Moreover, Co nanoparticles were evenly distributed into the dodecahedron. With porous structure, N-doped carbon and embedded Co nanoparticles, Co@NCD displayed a notable electro-catalysis towards the direct oxidation of glucose (onset potential 0.20 V). By using Co@NCD as electro-catalyst, an efficient nonenzymatic glucose sensor was obtained with a rapid amperometric response (within 1 s), low detection limit (0.11 μM) and broad detection range (0.2 μM-12.0 mM). In addition, remarkable selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility and long-term stability were also observed. Finally, Co@NCD prepared sensor was also successfully applied to the detection of glucose in human serum. Our results suggested that ZIF templated method could be an innovative solution for active composite catalysts in biomolecular electro-catalysis and Co@NCD prepared sensor could be a substantial preferable sensing platform for the nonenzymatic glucose detection.Sepsis caused by bacteria has high morbidity and mortality, and it is neccerssay to establish a fast, convenient, and facility assays for detection of bacteria. In this study, we have developed established a simple, rapid, and ultrasensitive vancomycin (Van) and dendrimer nanoparticles-based method to isolate and detect bacteria in human blood using a multivalent binding strategy. IPI-549 in vivo The proposed Bio-den-Van multivalent capture nanoplatform combined with m-qPCR for simultaneous detection of two kinds of bacteria was demonstrated with rapid 2 min bacteria isolation with a linear range at 3.2 × 101-3.2 × 106 CFU·mL-1 for L. monocytogenes and 4.1 × 101-4.1 × 106 CFU·mL-1 for S. aureus, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) for simultaneous detection of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were 32 and 41 CFU·mL-1 in spiked human blood samples, respectively. Other bacteria had an insignificant interference with the test results. This Bio-den-Van multivalent capture nanoplatform combined with m-qPCR detection exhibited rapid, high sensitivity and specificity in simultaneous detection of various bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first time that Bio-den-Van multivalent capture nanoplatform was used with Van as a recognition molecule for the simultaneous capture and subsequent detection of two bacteria from spiked human blood sample. This method holds great potential for future clinical applications.The emergence of nanomaterials in consumer products has increased concern for their potential hazards in the environment and biological systems. Therefore, the monitoring of nanoparticles in biological systems is of great importance. Despite the numerous attempts, the methods to evaluate the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of nanomaterials inside the plant tissue are still limited. In this study, for the first time, we proposed the monitoring of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in different tissues of the plant through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) approach. For this, chemically (Che-AgNPs) and green-synthesized AgNPs (Gr-AgNPs) were prepared properly and their surfaces were functionalized with Raman-active molecule. With the contribution of electromagnetic enhancement, our NP systems provided high signal-to-noise SERS spectra. After exposure to NPs to maize seedlings as a model plant, we detected that AgNPs were accumulated mainly in the epidermis and cortex of the root and phloem parts of the shoot. Highly distinctive SERS spectra were collected from the root and shoot cross-section of each NP system. Also, the accumulation of the AgNPs was furtherly confirmed through inductively-coupled mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Moreover, the exposure of AgNPs to maize seedlings led to remarkable alterations in both phytotoxic and biomolecular indicators including chlorophyll, protein and, antioxidant enzymes.In this review, the state-of-the-art of screen, inkjet, and three-dimensional (3D) printing electrode technologies of diverse types, manufacturing processes, and applications are critically reviewed for the first time. Emerging printing electrode-based technologies for advanced fabrication of printed electrode materials have given rise to the development of printed electrode devices and systems, thereby opening new avenues for several electrochemical applications. Additionally, their properties can be fine-tuned for specific electrochemical applications by embedding and/or immobilizing nano-structured materials. Nano-based printed or modified electrodes exhibit attractive features such as enhanced performance, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and high selectivity towards various targeted electroactive analytes. Furthermore, these nano-sized printed electrodes are flexible and portable, and thus are applicable for on-site measurements. However, their performance is affected by the type of printed electrode materials and fabrication methods employed. Hence, this review delves on the various electrode materials, printing methods and their applications for biosensors as well as for the detection of organic and inorganic compounds. The printed electrode materials that focus on properties such as selectivity, sensitivity and limit of detection available in the literature are highlighted in this review. Finally, future prospects, possibilities, and challenges of these advanced printing electrode technologies are deliberated.IPI-549 in vivo