However, reasons why IgA has not been introduced in the clinic yet can be found in the intrinsic properties of IgA posing several technical limitations (1) IgA is challenging to produce and purify, (2) IgA shows a very heterogeneous glycosylation profile, and (3) IgA has a relatively short serum half-life. Next to the technical challenges, pre-clinical evaluation of IgA efficacy in vivo is not straightforward as mice do not naturally express the FcαR. Here, we provide a concise overview of the latest insights in these engineering strategies overcoming technical limitations of IgA as a therapeutic antibody developability, heterogeneity, and short half-life. In addition, alternative approaches using IgA/IgG hybrid and FcαR-engagers and the impact of engineering on the clinical application of IgA will be discussed.
This study evaluates the main (para)clinical aspects and outcomes in a group of Romanian children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), under the conditions of antileukemic treatment according to an adapted ALL IC Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) 2002 protocol.
We performed a retrospective single-center study of 125 children diagnosed with ALL between 2010 and 2016. Standard forms were used for data collection of variate clinical and paraclinical parameters.
The children were predominantly male (64.8%) and their median age at diagnosis was 5 years. A total of 107 patients were diagnosed with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP)-ALL and 18 with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia T-ALL. Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR assay for ETV6-RUNX1, BCR-ABL, E2A-PBX1, KMT2A-AFF1, and STIL-TAL1 fusion genes was performed in 111 patients. ETV6-RUNX1 translocation was detected in 18.9% of patients, while BCR-ABL1 and E2A-PBX1 rearrangements were seen in 2.7% and 3.6%, respectively. Complete remission at the end of induction phase was obtained in 89.6% of patients. The overall relapse rate was 11.2%, with 11 early and 3 late relapses. The 5-year overall survival rate in BCP-ALL was 81.6% and in T-ALL 71.4%.
The 5-year overall and event-free survival rates in our study were slightly lower than those reported in developed countries, so the patients' outcomes are encouraging.
The 5-year overall and event-free survival rates in our study were slightly lower than those reported in developed countries, so the patients' outcomes are encouraging.Like many other transit modes, the metro provides stop-to-stop services rather than door-to-door services, so its use undeniably involves first- and last-mile issues. Understanding the determinants of the first- and last-mile mode choice is essential. Existing literature, however, mostly overlooks the mode choice effects of traffic safety perception and attitudes toward the mode. To this end, based on a face-to-face questionnaire survey in Shenzhen, China, this study uses the two-sample t-test to confirm the systematic differences in traffic safety perception and attitudes between different subgroups and develops a series of multinomial logistic (MNL) models to identify the determinants of first- and last-mile mode choice for metro commuters. The results of this study show that (1) Walking is the most frequently used travel mode, followed by dockless bike-sharing (DBS) and buses; (2) Variances in traffic safety perception and attitude exist across gender and location; (3) Vehicle-related crash risks discourage metro commuters from walking to/from the metro station but encourage them to use DBS and buses as feeder modes; (4) DBS-metro integration is encouraged by the attitude that DBS is quicker than buses and walking, and positive attitudes toward the bus and DBS availability are decisive for the bus-metro and DBS-metro integration, respectively; and (5) Substantial differences exist in the mode choice effects of traffic safety perception and attitudes for access and egress trips. This study provides a valuable reference for metro commuters' first- and last-mile travel mode choice, contributing to developing a sustainable urban transport system.Single-atom catalysts (SACs), as atomically dispersed metal active sites anchored or coordinated on suitable supports, demonstrate large potential for use in therapeutic applications. SACs have structural features similar to those of natural enzyme, while exhibiting remarkable catalytic activity, desirable stability, and excellent selectivity. This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on SACs' biotherapy applications. Three databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) were searched to identify the studies that investigated the therapeutic efficacy of SACs. A total of 12 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included and reviewed, and the key findings were qualitatively synthesized. CHIR99021 Overall, various SACs were investigated for biotherapy applications, including anticancer, anti-infection (antibacterial), and anti-inflammatory applications; brain trauma therapies, and oxidative-stress cytoprotection applications. All of the included studies showed that the synthesized SACs demonstrated superior therapeutic effects compared with their respective controls. Among the 12 studies reviewed, 11 studies showed satisfied biocompatibility of the applied SACs, whereas minimal cytotoxicity was reported in 1 study. Collectively, the reviewed studies indicated that SACs exhibited considerable promise in the field of biotherapy. Additional studies are needed for a better understanding of the effect of SACs in the treatment of various diseases.In order to solve the problems of heavy computational load and poor real time of the information fusion method based on the federated Kalman filter (FKF), a novel information fusion method based on the complementary filter is proposed for strapdown inertial navigation (SINS)/celestial navigation system (CNS)/global positioning system (GPS) integrated navigation system of an aerospace plane. The complementary filters are designed to achieve the estimations of attitude, velocity, and position in the SINS/CNS/GPS integrated navigation system, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed information fusion method can effectively realize SINS/CNS/GPS information fusion. Compared with FKF, the method based on complementary filter (CF) has the advantages of simplicity, small calculation, good real-time performance, good stability, no need for initial alignment, fast convergence, etc. Furthermore, the computational efficiency of CF is increased by 94.81%. Finally, the superiority of the proposed CF-based method is verified by both the semi-physical simulation and real-time system experiment.CHIR99021
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