Our methods substantially improve the power and applicability of cFDR analysis.Neutrophils (PMN) regulate inflammation in many ways, including communication with other immune cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs released by human neutrophils activated with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF) (PMN-fMLF EVs) had an outside-out orientation and contained functionally important neutrophil plasma membrane proteins, including flavocytochrome b558, and enzymatically active granule proteins, elastase, and myeloperoxidase. Treatment of naïve PMN with PMN-fMLF EVs primed fMLF-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity, increased surface expression of the complement receptors CD11b/CD18 and CD35, the specific granule membrane protein CD66, and flavocytochrome b558 , and promoted phagocytosis of serum-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus. The primed oxidase activity reflected increased surface expression of flavocytochrome b558 and phosphorylation of SER345 in p47phox , two recognized mechanisms for oxidase priming. Taken together, these data demonstrate that stimulated PMN released EVs that altered the phenotype of naïve phagocytes by priming of the NADPH oxidase activity and augmenting phagocytosis, two responses that are integral to optimal PMN host defense.
This pilot study describes the characteristics of social contact patterns of the elderly, a group at high-risk for contracting infections.
A cross-sectional design was used.
Participants included 30 volunteers aged 65years or older.
Records of a contact diary were maintained for a period of 24-hr.
Thirty participants recorded 340 contacts within the 24hr period, with a mean of 11.3 people daily. Physical encounters accounted for 50.9% of contacts. Participants with an occupation had significantly higher contacts than those without (p=.013). Contact type differed by location and duration (p<.001). Contact locations included home (11.5%), work (2.4%), elderly welfare facilities (32.9%), transport (1.2%), and other places (52.1%). Contact duration (p<.001) and frequency (p<.001) differed by location. Contact duration differed by frequency (p<.001).
The elderly participate in frequent physical contact that increases their risk of infection, especially among those with an occupation in comparison to those without an occupation. Infection control nursing should focus on providing education to reduce the risk of infections during contact events. Social distancing should be applied to limited periods of infection transmission risk.
The elderly participate in frequent physical contact that increases their risk of infection, especially among those with an occupation in comparison to those without an occupation. Infection control nursing should focus on providing education to reduce the risk of infections during contact events. Social distancing should be applied to limited periods of infection transmission risk.Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have significant deficits in language ability that cannot be attributed to neurological damage, hearing impairment, or intellectual disability. The symptoms displayed by children with DLD differ across languages. In English, DLD is often marked by severe difficulties acquiring verb inflection. Such difficulties are less apparent in languages with rich verb morphology like Spanish and Italian. Here we show how these differential profiles can be understood in terms of an interaction between properties of the input language, and the child's ability to learn predictive relations between linguistic elements that are separated within a sentence. We apply a simple associative learning model to sequential English and Spanish stimuli and show how the model's ability to associate cues occurring earlier in time with later outcomes affects the acquisition of verb inflection in English more than in Spanish. We relate this to the high frequency of the English bare form (which acts as a default) and the English process of question formation, which means that (unlike in Spanish) bare forms frequently occur in third-person singular contexts. Finally, we hypothesize that the pro-drop nature of Spanish makes it easier to associate person and number cues with the verb inflection than in English. Since the factors that conspire to make English verb inflection particularly challenging for learners with weak sequential learning abilities are much reduced or absent in Spanish, this provides an explanation for why learning Spanish verb inflection is relatively unaffected in children with DLD.
The present study determined the feasibility and initial efficacy of a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention in improving children's hand hygiene (HH) behaviors.
A cluster-randomized controlled trial was performed, with a cluster defined as a kindergarten class.
Participants were recruited from 20 classes in six kindergartens. A total of 289 children and their families were enrolled in the intervention group, and 293 children and their families were enrolled in the control group.
HH behavior and a related knowledge survey, as well as data on absences due to infection, were collected.
An 8-week training session on HH for children and an education program combining a seminar and WeChat groups for parents were provided to participants in the intervention group.
Two HH behaviors of children, namely, HH after playing outside and 7-stage HH compliance, were significantly different between the two groups after the intervention. G007-LK The two HH behaviors and knowledge of infections of parents/legal guardians in the intervention group were better than those in the control group after the intervention. The number of absences due to infections in children was lower in the intervention group than in the control group.
Kindergarten-based, family-involved interventions effectively improved the HH behavior of kindergarten children and decreased absences due to infections.
Kindergarten-based, family-involved interventions effectively improved the HH behavior of kindergarten children and decreased absences due to infections.As components of the innate immune response, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) efficiently contribute to infection control and maintenance of a latent state in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). As a therapeutic strategy, the administration of recombinant AMPs could be limited by enzymatic degradation and high production costs. Likewise, strategies based on the induction of AMPs have generated controversial results. In this study, 2 recombinant type-5 adenoviruses (Ad) expressing the human β-defensin 3 (HβD3) or cathelicidin (LL37) were assessed in a murine pulmonary TB model. Mice infected with either a high dose of a drug-sensitive (H37Rv) or a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were treated with a single administration of AdHβD3, AdLL37, AdGFP (control vector expressing a green fluorescent protein), or saline solution (SS). Lungs were obtained to determine the bacterial burden, histologic damage, and cytokine expression at different time points. Mice treated with AdHβD3 or AdLL37 showed significantly lower bacterial load and pneumonia, and higher proinflammatory cytokine expression than the control groups AdGFP and SS.G007-LK
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