Introduction to Manual Testing

Manual Testing: It is the process of testing and validating the application manually without using any automated tools. It is the most fundamental testing process in-order to find the hidden defects and the working nature of the software.
There are three different types of manual testing
White Box Testing: White box testing is a kind of testing in which the tester is familiar with the internal organization, functionality, and design of the product under test. In software, this means checking that the code functions as expected, examining how data flows through the system, and verifying that all paths and conditions within the code are tested thoroughly.
Black Box Testing: Black box testing is a software testing method where the internal structure or workings of the system being tested are unknown to the tester.

1. Functional Testing: This verifies that the software functions as expected according to the specified requirements. Test cases are designed based on the functional specifications of the software.
   2.Non-Functional Testing: This checks aspects of the software that are not related to specific functionalities, such as performance, reliability, usability, and security.

   Grey Box Testing: Grey box testing is a combination of both white and black box testing and it can be performed by a person who has knowledge in both testing and coding.

Boundary Value Analysis: It is the widely used technique for black box testing. It mainly involves testing input and output values at the boundaries of valid and invalid ranges. It helps identify defects related to boundary conditions and increases test coverage efficiently.
We mainly need to define three different boundary such as

1. Lower Boundary cases  min-1
2. Upper Boundary cases max+1
3. On Boundary cases min, min+1, max, max-1

Decision Table Testing: It is a tabular representation of different input conditions and their corresponding output actions. This technique helps to cover all possible combinations of conditions
Eg: For validating a login page , we can use all the combinations of valid and invalid user names and passwords.

The future of manual testing in the age of AI: we could see that the manual testing is the most fundamental and basic of all the modern testing. There will be a slight interruption of AI but AI cannot overtake manual testing.
We could able to adapt with the AI for writing the test cases. AI mainly helps to reduce the complexity by understating the needs of the tester and provides suggestions for the techniques.