Introduction
The SOLID principles form the foundation of clean, scalable, and maintainable software development. Though these principles originated in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), they can be effectively applied in JavaScript (JS) and TypeScript (TS) frameworks like React and Angular. This article explains each principle with real-life examples in both JS and TS.
1. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
Principle: A class or module should have only one reason to change. It should be responsible for a single piece of functionality.
- Example in JavaScript (React):
In React, we often see components responsible for too many things—such as managing both UI and business logic.
Anti-pattern:
function UserProfile({ userId }) {
const [user, setUser] = useState(null);
useEffect(() => {
fetchUserData();
}, [userId]);
async function fetchUserData() {
const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`);
const data = await response.json();
setUser(data);
}
return <div>{user?.name}</div>;
}
Here, the UserProfile component violates SRP because it handles both UI rendering and data fetching.
Refactor:
// Custom hook for fetching user data
function useUserData(userId) {
const [user, setUser] = useState(null);
useEffect(() => {
async function fetchUserData() {
const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`);
const data = await response.json();
setUser(data);
}
fetchUserData();
}, [userId]);
return user;
}
// UI Component
function UserProfile({ userId }) {
const user = useUserData(userId); // Moved data fetching logic to a hook
return <div>{user?.name}</div>;
}
By using a custom hook (useUserData), we separate the data-fetching logic from the UI, keeping each part responsible for a single task.
- Example in TypeScript (Angular):
In Angular, services and components can become cluttered with multiple responsibilities.
Anti-pattern:
@Injectable()
export class UserService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
getUser(userId: string) {
return this.http.get(`/api/users/${userId}`);
}
updateUserProfile(userId: string, data: any) {
// Updating the profile and handling notifications
return this.http.put(`/api/users/${userId}`, data).subscribe(() => {
console.log('User updated');
alert('Profile updated successfully');
});
}
}
This UserService has multiple responsibilities: fetching, updating, and handling notifications.
Refactor:
@Injectable()
export class UserService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
getUser(userId: string) {
return this.http.get(`/api/users/${userId}`);
}
updateUserProfile(userId: string, data: any) {
return this.http.put(`/api/users/${userId}`, data);
}
}
// Separate notification service
@Injectable()
export class NotificationService {
notify(message: string) {
alert(message);
}
}
By splitting the notification handling into a separate service (NotificationService), we ensure that each class has a single responsibility.
2. Open/Closed Principle (OCP)
Principle: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification. This means that you should be able to extend the behavior of a module without altering its source code.
- Example in JavaScript (React):
You might have a form validation function that works well but could require additional validation logic in the future.
Anti-pattern:
function validate(input) {
if (input.length < 5) {
return 'Input is too short';
}
if (!input.includes('@')) {
return 'Invalid email';
}
return 'Valid input';
}
Whenever you need a new validation rule, you'd have to modify this function, violating OCP.
Refactor:
function validate(input, rules) {
return rules.map(rule => rule(input)).find(result => result !== 'Valid') || 'Valid input';
}
const lengthRule = input => input.length >= 5 ? 'Valid' : 'Input is too short';
const emailRule = input => input.includes('@') ? 'Valid' : 'Invalid email';
validate('test@domain.com', [lengthRule, emailRule]);
Now, we can extend validation rules without modifying the original validate function, adhering to OCP.
- Example in TypeScript (Angular):
In Angular, services and components should be designed to allow new features to be added without modifying the core logic.
Anti-pattern:
export class NotificationService {
send(type: 'email' | 'sms', message: string) {
if (type === 'email') {
// Send email
} else if (type === 'sms') {
// Send SMS
}
}
}
This service violates OCP since you'd need to modify the send method every time you add a new notification type (e.g., push notifications).
Refactor:
interface Notification {
send(message: string): void;
}
@Injectable()
export class EmailNotification implements Notification {
send(message: string) {
// Send email logic
}
}
@Injectable()
export class SMSNotification implements Notification {
send(message: string) {
// Send SMS logic
}
}
@Injectable()
export class NotificationService {
constructor(private notifications: Notification[]) {}
notify(message: string) {
this.notifications.forEach(n => n.send(message));
}
}
Now, adding new notification types only requires creating new classes without changing the NotificationService itself.
3. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
Principle: Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types. Derived classes or components should be able to replace base classes without affecting the correctness of the program.
- Example in JavaScript (React):
When using higher-order components (HOCs) or rendering different components conditionally, LSP helps ensure that all components behave predictably.
Anti-pattern:
function Button({ onClick }) {
return <button onClick={onClick}>Click me</button>;
}
function LinkButton({ href }) {
return <a href={href}>Click me</a>;
}
// Inconsistent use of onClick and href makes substitution difficult
<Button onClick={() => {}} />;
<LinkButton href="/home" />;
Here, and aren't interchangeable since they use different props (onClick vs href).
Refactor:
function Actionable({ onClick, href, children }) {
if (href) {
return <a href={href}>{children}</a>;
} else {
return <button onClick={onClick}>{children}</button>;
}
}
function Button({ onClick }) {
return <Actionable onClick={onClick}>Click me</Actionable>;
}
function LinkButton({ href }) {
return <Actionable href={href}>Go Home</Actionable>;
}
Now both components (Button and LinkButton) are semantically correct, adhere to HTML accessibility standards, and behave consistently while following LSP.
- Example in TypeScript (Angular):
Anti-pattern:
class Rectangle {
constructor(protected width: number, protected height: number) {}
area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
}
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(size: number) {
super(size, size);
}
setWidth(width: number) {
this.width = width;
this.height = width; // Breaks LSP
}
}
Modifying setWidth in Square violates LSP because Square behaves differently from Rectangle.
Refactor:
class Shape {
area(): number {
throw new Error('Method not implemented');
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape {
constructor(private width: number, private height: number) {
super();
}
area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}
}
class Square extends Shape {
constructor(private size: number) {
super();
}
area() {
return this.size * this.size;
}
}
Now, Square and Rectangle can be substituted without violating LSP.
4. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP):
Principle: Clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they do not use.
- Example in JavaScript (React):
React components sometimes receive unnecessary props, leading to tightly coupled and bulky code.
Anti-pattern:
function MultiPurposeComponent({ user, posts, comments }) {
return (
<div>
<UserProfile user={user} />
<UserPosts posts={posts} />
<UserComments comments={comments} />
</div>
);
}
Here, the component depends on multiple props, even though it might not always use them.
Refactor:
function UserProfileComponent({ user }) {
return <UserProfile user={user} />;
}
function UserPostsComponent({ posts }) {
return <UserPosts posts={posts} />;
}
function UserCommentsComponent({ comments }) {
return <UserComments comments={comments} />;
}
By splitting the component into smaller ones, each only depends on the data it actually uses.
- Example in TypeScript (Angular):
Anti-pattern:
interface Worker {
work(): void;
eat(): void;
}
class HumanWorker implements Worker {
work() {
console.log('Working');
}
eat() {
console.log('Eating');
}
}
class RobotWorker implements Worker {
work() {
console.log('Working');
}
eat() {
throw new Error('Robots do not eat'); // Violates ISP
}
}
Here, RobotWorker is forced to implement an irrelevant eat method.
Refactor:
interface Worker {
work(): void;
}
interface Eater {
eat(): void;
}
class HumanWorker implements Worker, Eater {
work() {
console.log('Working');
}
eat() {
console.log('Eating');
}
}
class RobotWorker implements Worker {
work() {
console.log('Working');
}
}
By separating Worker and Eater interfaces, we ensure that clients only depend on what they need.
5. Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP):
Principle: High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions (e.g., interfaces).
- Example in JavaScript (React):
Anti-pattern:
function fetchUser(userId) {
return fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`).then(res => res.json());
}
function UserComponent({ userId }) {
const [user, setUser] = useState(null);
useEffect(() => {
fetchUser(userId).then(setUser);
}, [userId]);
return <div>{user?.name}</div>;
}
Here, UserComponent is tightly coupled with the fetchUser function.
Refactor:
function UserComponent({ userId, fetchUserData }) {
const [user, setUser] = useState(null);
useEffect(() => {
fetchUserData(userId).then(setUser);
}, [userId, fetchUserData]);
return <div>{user?.name}</div>;
}
// Usage
<UserComponent userId={1} fetchUserData={fetchUser} />;
By injecting fetchUserData into the component, we can easily swap out the implementation for testing or different use cases.
- Example in TypeScript (Angular):
Anti-pattern:
@Injectable()
export class UserService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
getUser(userId: string) {
return this.http.get(`/api/users/${userId}`);
}
}
@Injectable()
export class UserComponent {
constructor(private userService: UserService) {}
loadUser(userId: string) {
this.userService.getUser(userId).subscribe(user => console.log(user));
}
}
UserComponent is tightly coupled with UserService, making it hard to swap out UserService.
Refactor:
interface UserService {
getUser(userId: string): Observable<User>;
}
@Injectable()
export class ApiUserService implements UserService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
getUser(userId: string) {
return this.http.get<User>(`/api/users/${userId}`);
}
}
@Injectable()
export class UserComponent {
constructor(private userService: UserService) {}
loadUser(userId: string) {
this.userService.getUser(userId).subscribe(user => console.log(user));
}
}
By depending on an interface (UserService), UserComponent is now decoupled from the concrete implementation of ApiUserService.
Next Steps
Whether you're working on the front end with frameworks like React or Angular, or on the back end with Node.js, the SOLID principles serve as a guide to ensure that your software architecture remains solid.
To fully integrate these principles into your projects:
- Practice regularly: Refactor existing codebases to apply SOLID principles and review code for adherence.
- Collaborate with your team: Encourage best practices through code reviews and discussions around clean architecture.
- Stay curious: SOLID principles are just the beginning. Explore other architectural patterns like MVC, MVVM, or CQRS that build on these fundamentals to further improve your designs.
Conclusion
The SOLID principles are highly effective for ensuring that your code is clean, maintainable, and scalable, even in JavaScript and TypeScript frameworks like React and Angular. Applying these principles enables developers to write flexible and reusable code that’s easy to extend and refactor as requirements evolve. By following SOLID, you can make your codebase robust and ready for future growth.
Top comments (19)
This is an interesting take on applying SOLID principles to non-OOP programming. Thanks for creating this!
I do have some disagreement with the examples, though.
LSP
While the idea of Liskov Substitution Principle is reasonable, the example provided I think does more to confuse the topic. While a button and a link are both clickable, they should not share a base class. To provide an OOP equivalent,
car,cat, andplanetcould all support themovemethod, but I would not expect a common class between the three.We've misaligned "click" as the shared capability, mostly because it's one of the few common interactions. The link could be more accurately described with
navigateand the button, depending on type, could be "submit" or "action".The idea of a
LinkButtonis incorrectly represented, mostly because we introduced action buttons that appear to be links in various design schemes, from Bootstrap'sben-tertiaryto Microsoft's Metro UI...whole vibe.LinkButtonshould still be a button, with perhaps different styling.ISP
The Interface Segregation Principle React example is wholly confusing to me. The
MultiPurposeComponentis accumulating the presentation of three already distinct components that show clear segregation of the interface. . The refactor does not provide equivalent functionality at all, simply wrapping the original components, but not creating any output. If the props come from one source, they "anti-pattern" will need to be recreated almost exactly as-is.If the original included the markup for each of the nested components, the example would have made sense, but it does not, here.
OCP (Nitpicking)
As a small note, in the OCP example, I would recommend reversing the order of arguments to
validate. This is more a functional programming consideration, but if we wantvalidateto operate as it did before, we need to pass the rules first, then accept the value. This could be done with Higher-order-functions (HOFs) or with currying...Thanks for your thoughtful feedback! I really appreciate the time you took to dig into the examples and share your perspective.
Regarding the Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) example, you raise a valid point. The intention was to illustrate shared behavior, but I can see how the "click" interaction may have oversimplified the concept, particularly when applied to elements with different purposes like Link and Button. Your suggestion of focusing on distinct actions such as navigate and submit definitely clarifies this, and I’ll be refining this example.
For the Interface Segregation Principle (ISP), the aim was to highlight separation of concerns by breaking functionality into smaller, distinct components, but I understand how the current example didn’t reflect that clearly. I’ll revisit this to ensure the refactor reflects a clearer segregation of functionality.
As for the Open/Closed Principle (OCP), I appreciate your recommendation on using higher-order functions or currying to improve flexibility. I wanted to keep it simple, but your suggestion adds an additional layer of sophistication, and I’ll incorporate that into future revisions.
I value feedback like yours—it helps me continue to grow and improve the clarity of my explanations. Thanks again for taking the time to engage with the article!
Good
I enjoy refactoring the codebase and keeping it as clean as possible. During refactoring and code reviews, I provided feedback to my team, but I didn't consciously apply the SOLID principles at the time. Most of the SOLID principles were already part of my daily practice, but I wasn’t aware of them. However, after reading this article, I am now fully confident that when I review or write code, I will keep the SOLID principles in mind, maintain the codebase properly, and provide constructive feedback. Thank you, Wafa Bergaou
Thanks for your comment! I’m really happy to hear that the article helped make the SOLID principles clearer for you. It sounds like you’ve been applying them naturally, which is awesome! Now that you’re more aware of them, I’m sure your code reviews and refactoring will be even stronger. Feel free to reach out anytime, and thanks again for reading!
The SOLID principles have been introduced by Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob) and reflect his experience of what he thinks could help people to use OOP for web development,
They do not necessarily apply to OOP in general, as many OOP projects do not follow this principles. Most core API´s like the Windows GDI implement large and deeply nestend hierarchies which surely violates the SOLID principles. But they are build with optimizing compilers that do tree shaking by default, so things are much different here.
I wonder if implementing a global state would be a better solution for the Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) problem?
I'm no expert on SOLID but I think global state is misunderstanding the problem. You would still need the user slice of state. Rather than have the function get the slice, solid says you have a separate function that gets the slice and pass the function in as an argument. This means that if you have to change the shape of the user slice you only have to change the getter function and if you want a unit test you can use a different function that generates a static user, especially useful when you need to test validation rules as your real data source may not have real examples.
Excellent point! You're right—SOLID encourages decoupling functions from state retrieval. Rather than having a function directly access global state, a separate getter function can retrieve the slice. This approach simplifies testing and reduces the risk of breaking changes when the data structure evolves.
You have a point, thanks for the feedback!
Great question! While using global state (like Redux or context) can centralize data, it doesn't fully address the Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP). DIP emphasizes decoupling high-level and low-level modules via abstractions, often achieved with dependency injection. Global state could lead to tight coupling, making testing harder, especially for isolated logic.
👍
SOLID is just solid. 😉
Thanks for sharing.
You're welcome! Glad you found it helpful! 😊
That Button/Clickable example is not a refactor - wrapping them in a div with onClick is definitely not a good idea.
It's a contrived example. Buttons and A-tags are different elements with different purposes. There's no shared concern between these components - there's nothing to "fix".
Your LSP example for React is a really, really bad idea as far as accessibility and semantic html is concerned. A div should not be clickable in this way. I understand what you were getting at, but this is definitely not the example I'd include.
I chose the clickable
example to simplify illustrating the Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) without introducing too many other elements that might distract from the concept. However, you’re right—this wasn’t the best approach for accessibility and semantic HTML. Using semantic elements like or would have maintained accessibility while still demonstrating LSP in a clearer, more appropriate way. I’ll be updating the example to align with best practices!Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments.