Chris Noring for Microsoft Azure

Posted on Jun 12, 2022 • Edited on Jun 28, 2022

Modern JavaScript, 10 things you should be using, starting today

#javascript #beginners #showdev #tutorial

Follow me on Twitter, happy to take your suggestions on topics or improvements /Chris

You may be completely new to JavaScript or you may have only used it sporadically over the years. One thing is clear though - a lot has changed and there are some features YOU should be using. This article describes the features I think you should be using on a daily basis, if you are serious about JavaScript

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Resources

These are my favorite resources for anything ES6+:

-1- Spread operator

This is denoted as a ... before an object or an array and accomplishes just what the name is saying, it's turning something from being a structure into a comma-separated list. Let's demonstrate this:

Spread array

let firstHalf = [ 'one', 'two'];
let secondHalf = ['three', 'four', ...firstHalf];

This is such a nice and compact way of writing it. Doing the same without this would mean doing something like this:

NO Array spread

let firstHalf = [ 'one', 'two'];


let secondHalf = ['three', 'four'];
for(var i=0, i <firstHalf.length; i++ ) {
  secondHalf.push(firstHalf[i]);
}

This can also be used on objects as a way of merging their properties:

Spread object

const hero = {
  name: 'Xena - Warrior Princess',
  realName: 'Lucy Lawless'
}


const heroWithSword = {
 ...hero,
 weapon: 'sword'
}

Doing this the hard way would be us looping through all the properties on the object:

NO Object spread

let keys = Object.keys(hero);
let obj = {};

for(var i=0; i< keys.length; i++) {
   obj[keys[i]] = keys[props[i]];
}

To be fair, there's also Object.assign(), that looks like so:

const heroWithSword = Object.assign({}, hero, {weapon:"sword"})

I would still argue though that this is an eaven easier read:

const heroWithSword = {
 ...hero,
 weapon: 'sword'
}

-2- Rest parameter

Rest parameters are about collecting the remaining parameters into an array. JavaScript has the ability to be flexible on the number of input parameters you give it. Normally there is an arguments variable that collects these. Let's look at what we mean:

function add(first, second, ...remaining) {
  return first + second;
}

Now, this above only summarize the parameters first and second. Which means invoking it with add(1,2) or add(1,2,3, 4) would yield the same results. To fix this we would type:

function add(first, second, ...remaining) {
  return first + second + remaining.reduce((acc, curr) => acc + curr, 0);
}

The above means we are fixing the problem and use all input parameters.

As stated earlier using the rest parameter, i.e adding a preceding ... as a way to collect the remaining parameters, is a way for us to name them and make it more explicit that we want to work with them. arguments have been around since at least ES5 but is less known I think.

-3- String interpolation

Have you ever seen a statement like this?

class Product {
 constructor(name, description, price) {
   this.name = name;
   this.description = description;
   this.price = price;
 }

 getDescription() {
   return " Full description \n" + 
   " name: " + this.name + 
   " description: " + this.description

 }
}

I'm of course talking about the getDescription() method, a long, multiline, hard-to-read statement. This is a reality in most programming languages. There is also string interpolation available in some languages and JavaScript is no different, fortunately. We can turn our getDescription() method into the following:

getDescription() {
   return `Full description \n: 
   name: ${this.name}
   description ${this.description}
   `;

 }

So double backticks ` is what we use to define a multi-line string. We also use ${} to interpolate. There your world is hopefully a lot better now :)

-4- Shorthand properties

You might be using this one without already knowing about it. In ES5 you had to write the following:

function createCoord(x, y) {
  return {
    x: x,
    y: y
  }
}

In ES6 and onwards you can omit the what's to the right of : if it has the same name, like so:

function createCoord(x, y) {
  return {
    x,
    y
  }
}

Looks less cluttered right?

-5- Method properties

This is how you define properties that point to methods in an object. Consider the following ES5 example:

const math = {
  add: function(a,b) { return a + b; },
  sub: function(a,b) { return a - b; }, 
  multiply: function(a,b) { return a * b; }
}

You don't actually need to have the whole add: business from ES6 and forwards. You can just type it like so:

const math = {
  add(a,b) { return a + b; },
  sub(a,b) { return a - b; },
  multiply(a,b) { return a * b; }
}

-6- Destructuring

Destructuring is about your own mental sanity as a developer.

Object destructuring

Consider the following code:

function handle(req, res) {
 const name = req.body.name;
 const description = req.body.description;
 const url = req.url;

 log('url endpoint', url);

 // lots of logic happening
 dbService.createPerson( name, description )
}

The code above is not perfect, in any way, but it does represent a case where we want to dig out data from an object at different levels. What's the problem you ask? Well, what if I didn't have to declare all those variables and save a few keystrokes? You can do just that:

function handle(req, res) {
 const { body: { name, description }, url }, = req;

 log('url endpoint', url);

 // lots of logic happening
 dbService.createPerson( name, description )

Above you see how three rows become one.

Array destructuring

This is not limited to objects. It can be done on arrays as well. Consider the following code:

const array = [1,2,3,4,5,6];

const a = array[0];

const c = array[2];

This can be done in a much more elegant way, like so:

const array = [1,2,3,4,5,6];
const [a, ,c, ...remaining] = arr;

// remaining = [4,5,6]

We can just break out the values from the array by the above pattern matching. If we want to skip something we type , , and as a bonus, I threw in a REST statement to grab the remaining items.

Parameter matching

We can also do this on a function and its parameters. It has become the de-facto standard to collect all parameters in an object when you have more than 2-3 parameters in a function so you get a function looking like this:

function doSomething(config) {
  if(config.a) { ... }
  if(config.b) { ... }
  if(config.c) { ... }
}

The better way to do this is:

function doSomething({ a, b, c }) {
  if(a) { ... }
  if(b) { ... }
  if(c) { ... }
}

-7- Array methods

ES6 brought a whole slew of usable array methods like:

find(), finds an item in list else null
findIndex(), find the index of the item
some(), is the predicate true for at least one item in the list
includes(), is an item part of a list

Consider the following code to understand the usage:

const array = [{ id: 1, checked: true }, { id: 2 }];
arr.find(item => item.id === 2) // { id: 2 }
arr.findIndex(item => item.id === 2) // 1
arr.some(item => item.checked) // true

const numberArray = [1,2,3,4];
numberArray.includes(2) // true

-8- Promises + Async/Await

If you have been around the block a while you might remember a time when callbacks were all we had, like this:

function doSomething(cb) {
  setTimeout(() =>  {
    cb('done')
  }, 3000)
}

doSomething((arg) => {
 console.log('done here', arg);
})

We used this to handle the fact that some operations were asynchronous and simply took time to finish. Then we got promise libraries that people started using and eventually, we got native support in the language. So now we can do things like:

function doSomething() {
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    setTimeout(() =>  {
      resolve('done')
    }, 3000)
  })
}

doSomething().then(arg => {
 console.log('done here', arg);
})

We can even chain the whole experience so we can do calls like this:

getUser()
  .then(getOrderByUser)
  .then(getOrderItemsByOrder)
  .then(orderItems => {
    // do something with order items
  })

Async/await

Then we got async/await and life became even more glorious. Consider the above example with Promises now becoming this:

async function getItems() {
  try {
    const user = await getUser();
    const order = await getOrderByUser(user);
    const items = await getOrderItemsByOrder(order);
    return items;
  } catch(err) {
    // handle error here, the suggestion to return something or rethrow
  }
}

getItems().then(items => {
  // do something with order items
})

We get a synchronous-looking asynchronous code. :)

-9- Modules

Pretty much any coding language supports the concept of modules. The ability to divide up your code in many different files, files that are also self-contained units, so-called modules. Consider the following code:

// math.js

export function add(a,b) { return a + b; }
export function sub(a,b) { return a - b; }

export default (a,b) => a * b;

// main.js
import mult, { add, sub } from './math';

mult(2, 4) // 8
add(1,1)   // 2
sub(1,2)   // -1

Above we are using the export keyword to signal that these constructs add and sub is publically available for any module importing this module. The export default keyword is what we get if we just import it. In main.js we import the default as having name mult and we also specifically pick out methods add() and sub()

-10- Arrow functions + Lexical `this`

I've been using Arrow functions throughout this article and it's simply another function notation. In the past we could only write functions like this:

function printArray(arr) {
 // do something
}

Now we can define that as:

const printArray = (arr) => {
 // do something
}

One line functions

We can also define functions as one-liners:

const add = (a,b) => a + b

This automatically means we do the operation and return the result. We can do the same and return an object, our syntax then becomes:

const create = (a,b) = > ({ x: a, y: b })

Lexical this
The problem we used to face was no knowing what this is. Consider the following problem:

let array = [1,2,3];

function sum() {
  this.total = 0;

  arr.forEach(function(item) {
    this.total+= item;  // `this` is the inner functions `this`, BAD
  })
  return total;
}

this in the above case points wrong inside of the forEach. The way we used to solve this was by doing:

function sum() {
  this.total = 0;
  var self = this;

  arr.forEach(function(item) {
    self.total+= item;  // now we are using `self`, it solves it but feels hacky
  })
  return total;
}

Arrow functions fix this, no more self, so now the code looks like this:

function sum() {
  this.total = 0;

  arr.forEach((item) => {
    this.total+= item;  // all is well `this` points to outer function
  })
  return total;
}

WINNING!

Summary

There are more things I could mention about ES6 and forward but I just wanted to show you my favorites that I think you should adopt today :)

Top comments (41)

Randall • Jun 13 '22

Without the spread operator, you can do:

let firstHalf = [ 'one', 'two'];
let secondHalf = ['three', 'four'].concat(firstHalf);

I kind of prefer that way, since it doesn't involve extra syntax. But I'm used to using the spread operator now.

samselfridge • Jun 15 '22

The fact that this results in an out-of-order array called 'secondHalf' that has ALL the values on it is still annoying...but that's OPs fault not yours @randall

Alex Grad • Jun 16 '22

[].concat(firstHalf, secondHalf);

samselfridge • Jun 16 '22

const fullArray = [].concat(firstHalf, secondHalf);

payapula • Jun 16 '22

Thanks for the article!

One correction:

find(), finds an item in list else null

find() actually returns undefined if no value is matched in the array.

ssenyonga yasin • Jun 22 '22

good items here

Aziz Kaukawala • Jun 13 '22 • Edited

Great post! 5th & 10th points were my major take away! Thanks!

I don't know if this would be helpful.

For defining constants, instead of regular object,

const config = {
    APP_ENV: 'local',
    API_TOKEN: 'BREWING_SOMETHING_AWESOME',
}

define constants with Object.freeze().

const config = Object.freeze({
    APP_ENV: 'local',
    API_TOKEN: 'BREWING_SOMETHING_AWESOME',
});

This way, you won't be able to change the entries accidentally.

Happy Coding 🧡

Chris Cook • Jun 13 '22

Great post with short and concise examples!
I'd like to add one more example for array destructuring. You can use the fact that arrays are objects and the array indices are object keys. That means with key 0 you get the fist element, but more importantly with a computed property key like [length-2] you can get an element in the middle of the array which is not possible with array destructuring and rest parameters:

const arr = [ 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four'];

const { 0: one, 1: two, length, [length-2]: three, 3: four } = arr;

console.log({ one, two, three, four })

codesandbox.io/s/fancy-dust-24cwhr...

samselfridge • Jun 15 '22

This seems like one of those things thats neat, but actually using it in practice will just result in some weird behavior thats difficult to track down...

Or that could just be my inner-old-man

Chris Cook • Jun 16 '22

Extracting elements at the beginning of the array should be should be equivalent using array or object destructuring, because if the index does not exist the element is a going to be undefined in both cases: codesandbox.io/s/unruffled-babbage...

And if you want to extract only the last element (not possible using array destructuring), you have to use the length to calc the last index in the way as a direct array index access via brackets: codesandbox.io/s/elated-tdd-6nte4r...

Nevertheless, I wouldn't recommend object destructuring over array destructuring in all cases, but knowing about it shouldn't hurt either.