The rapid eye movements (saccades) used to transfer gaze between targets are examples of an action. The behaviour of saccades matches that of the slow-fast model of actions originally proposed by Zeeman. Here, we extend Zeeman's model by incorporating an accumulator that represents the increase in certainty of the presence of a target, together with an integrator that converts a velocity command to a position command. The saccadic behaviour of several foveate species, including human, rhesus monkey and mouse, is replicated by the augmented model. Predictions of the linear stability of the saccadic system close to equilibrium are made, and it is shown that these could be tested by applying state-space reconstruction techniques to neurophysiological recordings. Moreover, each model equation describes behaviour that can be matched to specific classes of neurons found throughout the oculomotor system, and the implication of the model is that build-up, burst and omnipause neurons are found throughout the oculomotor pathway because they constitute the simplest circuit that can produce the motor commands required to specify the trajectories of motor actions.Significant improvements in the technology of RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) in the past five decades have opened up novel fields of its application as a valuable and an attractive adjunct to the portfolio of pathologist's daily routine diagnostic practice.In contrast to the former methodology, the current bDNA-based technology is not only easier to handle but also considerably more sensitive, enabling single-target molecule detection in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens without significant effort by both the lab and the evaluating pathologist, as assays can be run on standard automated staining devices and evaluated by light microscopy. Compared to molecular methods like RT-PCR and whole-genome analysis, RNA-ISH maintains tissue integrity thus offering the invaluable advantage of localization of target cells especially in relation to secreted proteins and expression of the target sequence in multiple cell types. The first clinical trials implementing RNA-ISH for patient stratification and selection are in progress and already led to the first drug approvals based on its use as a CDx test.In addition to its role as a complementary method for the establishment of novel IHC procedures or as an addition or replacement to IHC in the standard routine portfolio, RNA-ISH has gained special importance for its capacity to detect noncoding RNA species or mutation or splice variants, where no alternative procedures are available. This more complex application requires development of standardized procedures and involvement of the pathologist during assay establishment and for routine specimen evaluation.The present article reviews the development of RNA-ISH from its early uses to its current applications in research and diagnostics based on the authors' considerable experience of applying it as tool in a biopharmaceutical research organization.
Using an extended retinacular flap containing the blood supply for the femoral head, proximal femur osteotomies can be performed at the neck level increasing the potential of correction of complex morphologies. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety, clinical, and radiographic results of this intra-articular surgical technique performed in skeletally mature patients with a minimum follow-up of three years.
Fourteen symptomatic adult patients (16 hips) with a mean age of 26 years underwent FNO using surgical hip dislocation and an extended soft tissue flap. Radiographs and radial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were obtained before and after surgery to evaluate articular congruency, cartilage damage, and morphologic parameters. Clinical functional evaluation was done using the Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS), the Hip Outcome Score (HOS), and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS).
After surgery, no avascular necrosis was observed, and all the osteotomies healed without complication. The initial neck/shaft angle (range 120 to 150°) improved in all cases to a mean value of 130° ± 4.6 (p < 0.001). In eight of nine valgus hips, the high-positioned fovea capitis changed to a normal position after surgery. The NAHS score improved from a mean of 36.5 ± 14.9 to 82.9 ± 13.9 points after surgery (p < 0.001). After surgery, the mean HOS was 87.1 ± 17.6 points, and the mean mHHS was 78.6 ± 17 points.
In this series, femoral neck osteotomy in the adult, although technically more demanding compared with other classic osteotomies, can be considered a safe procedure with considerable potential to correct hip deformities.
In this series, femoral neck osteotomy in the adult, although technically more demanding compared with other classic osteotomies, can be considered a safe procedure with considerable potential to correct hip deformities.
To compare the clinical outcomes of traumatic arthritis of the subtalar joint treated by arthroscopy-assisted arthrodesis with autologous bone graft, allogenous bone graft, artifical bone graft, and no bone graft .
Sixty-two patients (64ft) with traumatic arthritis of subtalar joint were randomly divided into four groups. The cases treated with arthroscopy-assisted arthrodesis were analyzed retrospectively. The mean follow-up time was about 22months (18-28months) in each group. GSK2636771 inhibitor Clinical outcomes were assessed by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and radiographic examination. The post-operative complications in each group were recorded respectively.
All operations were successful, without incision complications. The subtalar joint obtained full osseous fusion in each group. The average time of osseous fusion was about 12weeks. There was no significant difference in the fusion time with each group (P = 0.991). The AOFAS and VAS scores in each group were improved significantly in the pre-operative vs post-operative evaluation (all P < 0.01). The average operation time in autologous bone graft group was 74.56 ± 11.45min which significantly different from that of other groups(P < 0.01).
Similar clinical outcomes were achieved among each type of bone graft. Therefore, which types of bone graft or not may be not the most important for arthroscopy-assisted subtalar arthrodesis.
Similar clinical outcomes were achieved among each type of bone graft. Therefore, which types of bone graft or not may be not the most important for arthroscopy-assisted subtalar arthrodesis.GSK2636771 inhibitor
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