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Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) contains different components that can elicit varying adverse health effects in humans and animals. Studies on PM toxicity and its underlying mechanisms in the middle ear are limited, and they generally use a PM standard. However, as PM composition varies temporally and geographically, it is crucial to identify the toxic PM constituents according to season and region and investigate their associated health effects. Thus, we sought to determine whether PM induces cytotoxicity and inflammatory factor and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human middle ear epithelial cells obtained from patients with otitis media. The cells were treated with both standard urban PM and PM directly captured from the atmosphere in Wonju City. The association between mitochondrial dysfunction and PM was investigated. PM exposure significantly increased COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA expression, increased ROS generation, induced inflammatory responses, and caused abnormalities in mitochondrial motility and function. Furthermore, PM induced cell apoptosis, which consequently reduced cell survival, particularly at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Overall, our study provides new insights into the toxic effects of standard and atmospheric PM on middle ear cell line.Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite of some Aspergillus species that contaminate the agricultural commodities intended for animal and human consumption. The present in vivo study aimed to evaluate activated charcoal (AC) for its ability to reduce AFB1-induced immune suppressive effects in broiler chickens. One-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 12 groups (n = 30) and raised until 42 days of age. One control group was offered basal broiler feed. Three AFB1 groups were kept on AFB1-contaminated basal broiler feed (0.1, 0.2, and 0.6 mg/kg AFB1, respectively), whereas two AC groups were offered AC-added basal broiler feed (2.5 and 5.0 g/kg AC, respectively). Six combination groups were maintained on a combination of different doses of AFB1 and AC. The immune protective efficacy of AC was assessed by anti-sheep RBC's antibodies, phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P)-induced cutaneous basophil response, and histopathological and morphometric analysis of lymphoid organs. Dietary exposure to AFB1 alone resulted in dose-dependent suppression of immune responses and degenerative and necrotic changes in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus. The dietary addition of AC reduced the toxic effects of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg dietary AFB1 on immune responses and histological lesion on lymphoid organs; however, at higher dietary level of AFB1 (0.6 mg AFB1/kg), the dietary addition of AC was not effective to prevent the immunotoxic effects. The results of this study suggested that dietary inclusion of AC has the ability to prevent immunotoxic effects induced by AFB1 at lower dietary contaminations levels in broiler chickens.Under the global climate warming, extreme weather events occur more and more frequently. Epidemiological studies have proved that extreme temperature is strongly correlated with respiratory diseases. We evaluated extreme-temperature effect on respiratory emergency room (ER) visits for 5 years in Lanzhou, a northwest temperate climate city of China from January 1st, 2013, to August 31st, 2017. We built a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to evaluate the lag effect up to 30 days. Results showed the relative risk (RR) of respiratory disease always reached the maximum at lag 0 day and decreased to 1.0 at lag 5 days. Extremely low temperature showed the lag effect of 22 days and the maximum RR was 1.415 (95% CI 1.295-1.546) at lag 0 day. Extremely high temperature showed the lag effect of 7 days and the maximum RR was 1.091 (95% CI 1.069-1.114) at lag 0 day. The elders (age > 65 years) were at the greatest risk to extreme temperatures and the response were very acute. Children (age ≤ 15 years) were at the lowest risk but the lag effect lasted the longest lag days than other subgroups. Males showed longer-term lag effect and higher RR than females. Our study indicated that the extremely low temperature has a significantly greater effect on respiratory diseases than extremely high temperature.Bisphenol A (BPA) leads to ROS production that considered the core of different inflammatory and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. As a natural antioxidant, lycopene plays a significant role in the prevention of many chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective role of lycopene against BPA-induced lung alterations using morphometric, histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Forty rats aged 3 months were divided into four groups (n=10) control group, lycopene group comprising rats that received lycopene by gavage (10 mg/kg /day) for 30 days, BPA group comprising rats that received BPA by gavage (50 mg/kg/day) for 30 days and lycopene + BPA group. On the 30th day, blood and lung tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical studies. Morphometrical and statistical analyses were performed. The BPA group revealed significantly elevated IL-1B, IL-6, MDA and NO, and it showed significantly reduced IL-10, SOD, CAT and GSH when compared to the control and lycopene + BPA groups. Upon histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, lycopene supplementation improved the BPA-induced alveolar collapse, lymphocytic infiltration, extravasated RBCs and fibrosis. The lycopene + BPA group showed significantly reduced mean percentage of 8-OHdG immunopositive and mean area percentages of Bax and caspase 3 immunopositive cells and significantly reduced mean area percentage of Bcl2 immunopositive cells as compared with the BPA group. Lycopene is a protective agent against BPA-induced lung injury because of its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as confirmed by biochemical and histological studies.To explore the comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes, solid-state fermentation was applied to residues of Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) and vinegar for use in culturing earthworms. Fermentation technology and earthworm culture technology were optimized by response surface methodology in this study. The optimal fermentation product for earthworm culture was obtained under an inoculum amount of 7.5%, fermentation temperature of 25.6 °C, pH 7.7 and protein content of 18.23%. The optimum culture conditions were a culture density of 18.4 individuals/dm3, an initial pH of 7.2 and a fermentation temperature of 26.8 °C. The daily weight gain multiplier of earthworms was 0.0387 units, and it increased significantly compared with that of the unfermented and cow dung groups. The fermented product of F. check details velutipes and vinegar residues could be used to culture earthworms and improve the metabolism and antioxidant capacities of earthworms. This provides a new way to comprehensively utilize agricultural waste resources.check details