In the kidneys, pentoxifylline inhibited glomerular expansion, lipid deposition, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and induced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Pentoxifylline inhibited the renal accumulation of AGEs and reduced the levels of RAGE and its downstream components, and consequently mitigated oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pentoxifylline also increased the renal levels of GLO 1 and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Urinary albumin levels were observed to be lowered, which reconfirmed the antialbuminuric effects of pentoxifylline.
The novel mechanisms of action help explain the renoprotective effects of pentoxifylline and the attenuation of obesity-associated renal complications related to glycoxidative stress.
The novel mechanisms of action help explain the renoprotective effects of pentoxifylline and the attenuation of obesity-associated renal complications related to glycoxidative stress.Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with prostate cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. Prostate cancer develops in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland, and the initial progression largely depends on androgens, the male reproductive hormone that regulates the growth and development of the prostate gland and testis. The currently available treatments for androgen dependent prostate cancer are, however, effective for a limited period, where the patients show disease relapse, and develop androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Studies have shown various intricate cellular processes such as, deregulation in multiple biochemical and signaling pathways, intra-tumoral androgen synthesis; AR over-expression and mutations and AR activation via alternative growth pathways are involved in progression of AIPC. The currently approved treatment strategies target a single cellular protein or pathway, where the cells slowly develop resistance and adapt to proliferate via other cellular pathways over a period of time. Therefore, an increased research aims to understand the efficacy of combination therapy, which targets multiple interlinked pathways responsible for acquisition of resistance and survival. The combination therapy is also shown to enhance efficacy as well as reduce toxicity of the drugs. Thus, the present review focuses on the signaling pathways involved in the progression of AIPC, comprising a heterogeneous population of cells and the advantages of combination therapy. Several clinical and pre-clinical studies on a variety of combination treatments have shown beneficial outcomes, yet further research is needed to understand the potential of combination therapy and its diverse strategies.
Circulating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have proven to be useful non-invasive tools for diagnosis of various cancers. FAM83H antisense RNA 1 (FAM83H-AS1) and lncRNA activated by TGF β (lncRNA-ATB) are two lncRNAs that have been shown to play an important role in different cancer types including breast cancer. The primary aim of our study was to investigate the potential role of serum FAM83H-AS1 and lncRNA-ATB as diagnostic/prognostic markers for breast cancer patients.
Serum expression levels of FAM83H-AS1 and lncRNA-ATB were analyzed in 90 breast cancer patients and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls using RT-qPCR.
We found that FAM83H-AS1 and lncRNA-ATB were significantly overexpressed in sera of breast cancer patients compared to controls (p=0.000 for both). Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated that lncRNA-ATB had a higher area under curve (AUC) value than the conventional tumor marker cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) (AUC 0.844, p=0.000 versus 0.738, p=0.002) for early diagnosis of breast cancer in patients with stage I-II. On the other hand, FAM83H-AS1 showed a significant correlation with tumor-node metastasis (TNM) stages, large tumor size and lymph node metastasis, suggesting a prognostic rather than diagnostic value.
This is the first study to demonstrate that serum lncRNA-ATB could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic marker for early stages of breast cancer. Furthermore, serum FAM83H-AS1 has a potential ability for monitoring of progression and staging of breast cancer.
This is the first study to demonstrate that serum lncRNA-ATB could be used as a non-invasive diagnostic marker for early stages of breast cancer. Furthermore, serum FAM83H-AS1 has a potential ability for monitoring of progression and staging of breast cancer.miRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs and very conserve molecules that negatively regulate the expression of many genes by targeting the 3' UTR of mRNAs. miRNAs are involved in the modulation of T-cell biology during the earliest and last stages and key controllers of T-cell differentiation and function. The miR-34a, as a major hub of the regulatory network of T cells, plays an important role in T cell activation. miR-34a is widely expressed in immune cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, and T cells) and regulates their development, function, and survival. This miRNA, by targeting over 30 genes across different cellular pathways controls immune response. miR-34a expression is controlled by p53 in transcription level. As well as, miR-34a by activating dendritic cells mediates innate immune response and increases tumor-infiltrating CD8 expression T lymphocytes. In various types of cancers and autoimmune diseases, miR-34a can regulate T cell function and become a possible significant target of microRNA-based therapy. MER-29 Therefore, in this review, we focus on miR-34a-related regulatory mechanisms in T cell function and understanding mechanisms and molecules involved in this network.About 17% of couples suffer from infertility conditions, worldwide. The most common reasons for female infertility are ovulation disorders, fallopian-related disorders, RM, RIF, endometriosis, and unexplained infertility. Despite advances in Assisted Reproductive Technologies, infertility has remained a serious problem. In recent years, a considerable progress in cell therapy as an emerging approach for the treatment infertility has been made. Cell therapy involves utilizing lymphocytes, platelet -rich plasma, PBMCs and different types of stem cells as therapeutic agents. Stem cells are usually multipotent cells existed in embryos, fetuses, and adults that proliferate and differentiate into different cell types under certain circumstances. The main types of stem cells are embryonic stem cells, decidual stromal cells, MSCs, human amniotic epithelial cells, and induced pluripotent-stem cells each functioning in a different way. The advantages of using stem cells as therapeutic agents are convenient sampling, abundant sources, and avoidable ethical issues.MER-29
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